Systems, methods, and device can be used to detect target extracellular vesicles (“EVs”). One example of a method includes obtaining a nano-plasmonic array including nanostructures configured to amplify one or more specific wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, flowing a liquid sample over the nano-plasmonic array, optionally labeling target EVs captured on the nano-plasmonic array with one or more reporter groups, projecting electromagnetic radiation onto the labeled target EVs captured on the nano-plasmonic array, and capturing an image of the target EVs by receiving electromagnetic radiation emitted, scattered, or reflected by the EVs or by reporter groups on the labeled target EVs.

Provided is a method for evaluating the progression of glioma in an individual comprising monitoring the levels of circulating exosomes that are positive for survivin and a glial marker (such as glial fibrillary acidic protein). An increase in the level of such exosomes is indicative of poor prognosis. Levels of circulating exosomes that are positive for survivin and glial marker can also be used for evaluating the efficacy of a therapy for glioma in an individual, and modifying the therapy or introducing additional therapy if levels of such exosomes are found to be increasing.

The present invention relates to a use of an endothelin receptor inhibitor for inhibiting exosome secretion or inhibiting PD-L1 expression. It was confirmed that the endothelin receptor inhibitor inhibits endothelin receptors, which are currently known as a target for anticancer drug development, to not only inhibit the secretion of cancer cell-derived exosomes, but also reduce the expression of PD-L1 in cells, and is thus effective for cancer treatment when used in combination with existing anticancer drugs or when used alone in the form of a drug. Accordingly, the present invention can be used in novel modes of anticancer drug development using drugs exhibiting immune-checkpoint inhibition effects and exosome secretion inhibition effects.

The present invention provides a novel secretion reducing agent and novel secretion reducing method for reducing extracellular vesicle secretion from cells. The extracellular vesicle secretion reducing agent of the present invention is characterized in that it contains an inhibitor of a serine synthesis pathway. The cells are, for example, cancer cells such as colorectal cancer cells, lung cancer cells, melanoma cells, breast cancer cells, pancreas cancer cells, and multiple myeloma cells.

A method for predicting efficacy of treatment of a lung cancer patient using an immune checkpoint inhibitor includes isolating exosomes from a biological sample derived from the lung cancer patient, and determining an expression level of a protein present in the exosomes by a mass spectrometry method, in which the protein is one or more proteins selected from the group of proteins shown in Table 1-1 to Table 1-6.

The present invention provides recovering an extracellular vesicle(s) having high purity from an extracellular vesicle-containing sample. Specifically, the present invention provides a method of recovering an extracellular vesicle(s), comprising: (1) treating an extracellular vesicle-containing sample with a chelating agent; and (2) separating the extracellular vesicle(s) from the extracellular vesicle-containing sample treated with the chelating agent.

The present disclosure provides methods of diagnosing, preventing, monitoring, and treating brain tumors. In particular, the present disclosure provides methods of using brain tum or biomarkers in exosomes for diagnosing, preventing, monitoring, and treating brain tumors.

Disclosed are surprising new methods and compositions for isolating extracellular microvesicles such as exosomes, particularly disease-related and phosphatidylserine (PS)-positive extracellular microvesicles as exemplified by tumor- and viral-derived exosomes. The methods of the invention are rapid, efficient, cost-effective and, importantly, are suitable for use with large volumes of biological fluids and produce antigenically intact extracellular microvesicles and exosomes. The methods and compositions are based on the surprising use of acetate buffers to isolate large quantities of extracellular microvesicles, particularly tumor-derived exosomes, from solution, without damaging their morphological or functional properties or antigenicity.

The present invention relates to a water-soluble, simple, stable tris(N-(tert-butyl)acetamide) cyclen-based europium complex HGEu001 which exhibits the specific subcellular localization in the primary cilium with a quantum yield as high as 10% in water and a lifetime of 0.56 ms lifetime. In particular, the present invention provides simplicity of the design and synthesis of a complex. Comprehensive studies were performed in numerous cell lines, such as HeLa, SN-K-SH and MRC5; the motif structure, HGEu002, has also been synthesized as the negative control for in vitro imaging studies. The two photon in vitro imaging were done in three dimensions to emphasize on the specific localization in primary cilium of HGEu001. This is one of the very limited examples for direct primary cilium imaging.

Non-invasive method for diagnosing or prognosing Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, or other dementia involving isolating astrocyte-derived exosomes (ADEs) and neuron-derived exosomes (NDEs) from a human biological sample (i.e., plasma, serum, urine or cerebrospinal fluid), analyzing cargo extracts of the ADEs and NDEs to detect at least one specified protein or microRNA biomarker, comparing the levels and activities of detected biomarker(s) to those in control samples to identify a statistically significant difference between the detected biomarker(s) and corresponding biomarker(s) in the control sample to determine presence of Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, or other dementia; and testing effects of drugs on levels and activities of each biomarker, as well as effects of drugs administered to test subjects on levels and activities of each biomarker in ADEs and NDEs from subsequently obtained biological samples.