An immunostaining method includes an irradiation process in which a specimen, which includes a target molecule including an electron donor, an antibody that is bound to the target molecule and that includes a generating agent for generating active species when irradiated with a first excitation light, and a pigment compound, is irradiated with the first excitation light; and in which the pigment compound and the electron donor are bound due to the active species generated from the generating agent when irradiated with the first excitation light.

Aspects of the application provide methods of producing substrates having modified surfaces. In some aspects, methods of surface modification involve treating a surface of a substrate with an organic reagent in vapor phase to form an organic layer over the surface. In some aspects, methods of forming a stable surface coating on an oxidized surface are provided.

A problem to be solved by the invention is to improve the sensitivity of measurement of an analyte in a sample by a sandwich immunoassay. The sensitivity can be improved significantly in a sandwich immunoassay using a first antibody and a second antibody when one or both of the first antibody and the second antibody are a mixture of a monoclonal antibody recognizing a linear epitope and a monoclonal antibody recognizing a conformational epitope.

Machine learning analysis for classifying agglutination of fluid samples. A method includes scanning a unique scannable code printed on a test card, wherein the test card comprises a negative control fluid sample, a positive control fluid sample, and a test fluid sample. The method includes capturing an image of the test card and providing the image of the test card to a machine learning algorithm configured to assess agglutination of the test fluid sample based on the image. The method includes receiving from the machine learning algorithm one or more of a qualitative analysis or a quantitative analysis of the agglutination of the test fluid sample.

A method to recover an extracellular vesicle at a high efficiency, including (a) and (b): wherein (a) is mixing (i) an extracellular vesicle-containing sample, (ii) particles on which a substance having an affinity to extracellular vesicle membrane is immobilized, and (iii) a polymer to give a mixture solution containing (i′) target particles bound to the extracellular vesicle via the substance and (ii′) the polymer; and (b) separating the target particles from the mixture solution. The method further includes reducing a viscosity of the mixture solution between (a) and (b). A method for analyzing an extracellular vesicle. A kit having (a) a polymer, (b) a substance having an affinity to the extracellular vesicle membrane, and (c) an enzyme capable of degrading a polymer.

Provided is a method for the quantitative and/or qualitative determination of bioindicators, including the following steps: a) immobilizing capture molecules for the bioindicators on a substrate; b) bringing the bioindicators of a sample into contact with the capture molecules; c) immobilizing the bioindicators on the substrate by binding to capture molecules; d) bringing the bioindicators into contact with probes containing at least one detection molecule, and e) removing non-specifically bound molecules and particles; and f) binding the probes to the bioindicators, wherein the probes are capable of emitting a specific detection signal and steps b) and d) can take place simultaneously or d) before b), and wherein probes and capture molecules are used which have affine molecules or molecule parts that bind to at least one specific binding site of the bioindicators and these affine molecules or molecule parts of the probes and capture molecules do not overlap one another.

The present invention is directed to improved methods for conducting immunoassays. The methods are designed to amplify signals in immunoassays and anchor immunoassay complexes employed therein.

Apparatus and methods for the detection of proteins in biological fluids such as urine using a label-free assay is described. Specific proteins are detected by their binding to highly specific capture reagents such as SOMAmers that are attached to the surface of a substrate. Changes to these capture reagents and their local environment upon protein binding modify the behavior of color centers (e.g., fluorescence, ionization state, spin state, etc.) embedded in the substrate beneath the bound capture reagents. These changes can be read out, for example, optically or electrically, for an individual color center or as an average response of many color centers.

Described herein are methods for improving the accuracy of capture object-based assays. In some embodiments, a measure of the number or a measure of the concentration of an analyte molecule or particle in a fluid sample is determined using the capture object-based assay.

A method for detecting an analyte according to the present invention includes: a first step of supplying a specimen to a detection device having a first ligand that is immobilized on a substrate and is capable of specifically binding to the analyte, the specimen being supplied onto the substrate of the detection device, and then causing the analyte included in the specimen to bind to the first ligand; a second step of supplying, onto the substrate, a second ligand that is labeled with a marker and is capable of specifically binding to the analyte, and then causing the second ligand to bind to the analyte bound to the first ligand; and a third step of measuring the second ligand bound to the analyte, wherein in the second step, carboxymethyl dextran is supplied onto the substrate.