The present disclosure is directed towards modifying binding molecules in order to minimize pre-existing binding interactions, including binding molecules engineered to minimize or mitigate background reactivity in a sample matrix caused by drug non-specific binding interactions.

A method of fabricating a device includes fabricating conductive surfaces including one or more capture surfaces and one or more reference surfaces, attaching a first molecular wire to each capture surface, and attaching a second molecular wire to each reference surface. The first and second molecular wires include chiral oligonucleotide multiplexes having identical nucleobase sequences and opposite absolute configuration. The first molecular wire includes a first oligonucleotide strand conjugated to a first functional handle including a sulfur-containing compound, and a second oligonucleotide strand conjugated to a capture agent that interacts with a target entity. The second molecular wire includes a first oligonucleotide strand conjugated to a second functional handle including a sulfur-containing compound, and a second oligonucleotide strand conjugated to a reference compound. The first and second oligonucleotide strands of each molecular wire are complementary and have the same absolute configuration.

The present disclosure provides a method for diagnosis based on proteins present on the surface of circulating extracellular vesicles. The method comprises incubating a sample of the subject with a detection antibody linked to a detectable label, contacting the sample with a capture antibody immobilized on a substrate, and detecting the detectable label on the circulating EV immobilized on the substrate. Compared to the method currently known in the art, the method disclosed herein has the advantages of high sensitivity with low cost and rapid procedure, high specificity.

An object of the present invention is to provide a kit, a method, and a reagent which prevent the problem of false positive due to nonspecific adsorption, suppress the increase in noise to be generated, and are capable of achieving high-precision measurement of a measurement target substance in a wide concentration range from a low concentration to a high concentration. According to the present invention, there is provided a kit for measuring a measurement target substance, the kit including: a first particle having a label and modified with a first binding substance capable of specifically binding to a measurement target substance; a second particle having no label and modified with a second binding substance incapable of specifically binding to the measurement target substance; a flow channel for flowing the first particle and the second particle; and a substrate having a third binding substance capable of specifically binding to the measurement target substance or a substance capable of binding to the first binding substance, in which the first particle having a label is a luminescent labeled particle containing at least one kind of compound represented by Formula (1) and a particle. ##STR00001## Each symbol in Formula (1) has the meaning described in the present specification.

In an example, a flow cell includes a substrate, a selectively removable porous molecular network on the substrate and defining exposed substrate regions, and sequencing surface chemistry on at least some of the exposed regions. The sequencing surface chemistry is selected from the group consisting of i) an activated pad, a polymer layer attached to the activated pad, and a primer attached to the polymer layer; or ii) a nanostructure and an enzyme attached to the nanostructure.

A nanoparticle activity sensor containing a reporter and at least one tuning domain that modifies a distribution or residence time of the activity sensor when administered to a patient. When administered to the patient, the activity sensor enters cells or tissue where it is cleaved by enzymes specific to a physiological state such as a disease to release a detectable analyte. The tuning domains include molecular structures that modulate distribution or decay by protecting the particle from premature cleavage and indiscriminate hydrolysis, shielding the particle from immune detection and clearance, or by targeting the particle to specific tissue, bodily fluids, or cell types.

Methods of surface modification of silicones for specific target and high efficiency binding are disclosed. Namely, surface-attached microposts and methods of functionalizing the surface-attached microposts for target-specific analyte capture are provided. For example, a microposts processing platform is provided that is based on a microfluidic flow cell structure that includes a reaction (or assay) chamber. The method utilizes the microposts processing platform that includes an arrangement of surface-attached microposts on at least one surface of the reaction (or assay) chamber. Methods of functionalizing the surface-attached microposts include one or more steps, wherein the incorporation of one or more functionalizing agents are used to provide a micropost surface for target-specific analyte capture. In one example, the micropost surface-functionalization process includes providing a binding system, wherein the binding system includes a generic binding agent and a linking agent for binding of a target-specific capture agent.

A method functionalizes a surface, wherein a polyphenol layer is formed on the surface by applying a polyphenol compound, and the surface is subsequently functionalized by binding a functional molecule to the polyphenol layer. In addition, the polyphenol layer is treated with an oxidizing agent before, during, or after binding of the functional molecule. An associated article can be prepared and used. A kit can be used for performing the method or producing the article.

The present invention relates to compositions and methods use in designing immunoassay controls. In various aspects, the invention provides synthetic peptides comprising the sequence CPRRPYIL (SEQ ID NO: 1) or an analog thereof; ELAGLGFAELQC (SEQ ID NO: 4) or an analog thereof; and CDWRKNIDAL (SEQ ID NO: 8) or an analog thereof; specific binding reagents that bind to a CPRRPYIL (SEQ ID NO: 1), ELAGLGFAELQC (SEQ ID NO: 4) or CDWRKNIDAL (SEQ ID NO: 8) peptide; methods of producing such reagents; and assays utilizing such reagents to provide assay controls signals that are unrelated to the measurement of the analyte or analytes of interest in that no reagents used in the analyte assay(s) contribute to the control signal.

A graphene-based sandwich immunoassay for detecting whether a target biological substance is present in a sample, generally comprising contacting said sample with a plurality of particles coated with graphene nanosheets, each particle having at least one targeting receptor, such that the target biological substance, if present, associates with the targeting receptor, and detecting the presence of the target biological substance in the sample by subsequently contacting the sample with a detection antibody, wherein the detection antibody is capable of targeting and binding with the target biological substance if bound to the targeting receptor to yield a detectable complex. The targeting receptor can be an antibody or fragment thereof. The target biological substance can be an exosome.