According to one embodiment, a method of detecting or quantifying a detection target in a specimen includes: irradiating a reaction mixture containing composite particles and the specimen with light to promote binding between the composite particles and the detection target; and performing measurement on the reaction mixture irradiated with the light to detect or quantify the detection target. The composite particles each include a carrier particle including two or more regions having different physical properties on a surface, and an affinity substance carried on the carrier particle and having affinity to the detection target. The light can be absorbed by at least one of the two or more regions.

The invention includes a bioelectronic interface comprising a self-assembling unit, wherein the self-assembling unit comprises a variant GPCR fusion protein bound to an S-layer fusion protein. The invention also encompasses a biosensor or device comprising the bioelectronic interface and methods of screening for a ligand of a GPCR.

The invention includes a bioelectronic interface comprising a self-assembling unit, wherein the self-assembling unit comprises a variant GPCR fusion protein bound to an S-layer fusion protein. The invention also encompasses a biosensor or device comprising the bioelectronic interface and methods of screening for a ligand of a GPCR.

Titania nanotube arrays are useful for phosphopeptide enrichment and separation. These highly ordered titania nanotube arrays are a low cost and highly effective alternative to the use of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods using meoporous titania beads or particles. The highly ordered TiO.sub.2 nanotubes are grown on surfaces coated with Ti metal, or preferably on Ti wires, by methods that preferably include anodic oxidation.

Titania nanotube arrays are useful for phosphopeptide enrichment and separation. These highly ordered titania nanotube arrays are a low cost and highly effective alternative to the use of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods using meoporous titania beads or particles. The highly ordered TiO.sub.2 nanotubes are grown on surfaces coated with Ti metal, or preferably on Ti wires, by methods that preferably include anodic oxidation.

Methods of assessing or evaluating functional properties of T cell therapeutic products are described herein.

Methods of assessing or evaluating functional properties of T cell therapeutic products are described herein.

A method of functionalization of a gate electrode of a field-effect transistor sensor includes forming a layer of biological recognition elements on a surface of said gate electrode, wherein said layer of biological recognition elements includes a self-assembled structure of one or more specific-binding-pair-forming substances (anti-hIg, anti-IgG, anti-IgM). The layer of biological recognition elements is treated with a solution containing a blocking agent to fill vacancies and prevent nonspecific binding in the self-assembled structure. One or more specific-binding-pair-forming substances immobilized in said layer of biological recognition elements are packed at a density of 0.110.sup.4 m.sup.2 and 1010.sup.4 m.sup.2, preferably between 110.sup.4 m.sup.2 and 210.sup.4 m.sup.2.

The invention provides a method for screening for and detection of solid organ graft rejection in a subject that comprises assaying a patient sample of plasma, serum or blood from the subject for a protein marker identified herein. An elevated or reduced amount of marker present in the patient sample compared to a control sample is indicative of rejection, and identifies subjects in need of biopsy or modified treatment. The method can be used to screen for patients in danger of transplant rejection without having to undergo more costly, risky and invasive biopsy procedures.

The invention provides a method for screening for and detection of solid organ graft rejection in a subject that comprises assaying a patient sample of plasma, serum or blood from the subject for a protein marker identified herein. An elevated or reduced amount of marker present in the patient sample compared to a control sample is indicative of rejection, and identifies subjects in need of biopsy or modified treatment. The method can be used to screen for patients in danger of transplant rejection without having to undergo more costly, risky and invasive biopsy procedures.