Techniques for enhanced fluorescence include a functionalized substrate for a target optical frequency comprising a one dimensional photonic crystal that is functionalized with a bioactive target molecule that has an affinity for a particular analytic. The one dimensional photonic crystal includes a plurality of dielectric layers including a plurality of high index of refraction layers alternating with a plurality of low index of refraction layers. The thickness of each layer is within a factor of four of a wavelength of the optical frequency in the layer. For emissions from a fluorophore bound to the target molecule and excited by incident light, there is an emission intensity maximum centered at an angle independent of the direction of the incident light.

According to one embodiment, a sensor includes a graphene film and at least two electrodes. The graphene film has an opening. The opening dominantly has either a zigzag edge or an armchair edge. The two electrodes electrically contact the graphene film, for reading a change in electric characteristics of the graphene film due to coaction with an object to be detected.

According to one embodiment, a sensor includes a graphene film and at least two electrodes. The graphene film has an opening. The opening dominantly has either a zigzag edge or an armchair edge. The two electrodes electrically contact the graphene film, for reading a change in electric characteristics of the graphene film due to coaction with an object to be detected.

In one aspect, the invention provides a protein capture membrane comprising a first side and a second side and a plurality of interstices extending contiguously from the first side to the second side, wherein the interstices are coated with a protein-reactive coating; and the porous substrate comprises nanoporous alumina or porous glass. In another aspect the invention provides a method of detecting a protein of interest in a plurality of proteins.

The invention provides a sensor for detecting a bioanalyte, comprising: a substrate; a pair of terminal electrodes disposed on the substrate in mutually spaced apart and opposing relation; and a sensing element, between and in electrical contact with the pair of terminal electrodes, wherein the sensing element comprises: (i) a semiconducting portion of the substrate, wherein the semiconducting portion comprises a high-resistivity non-oxide semiconductor and wherein a conduction path between the terminal electrodes passes through the semiconducting portion; and (ii) a bioanalyte binding site on a surface of the semiconducting portion, wherein binding of a bioanalyte to the bioanalyte binding site causes a change in electrical resistance of the sensor.

The invention provides a sensor for detecting a bioanalyte, comprising: a substrate; a pair of terminal electrodes disposed on the substrate in mutually spaced apart and opposing relation; and a sensing element, between and in electrical contact with the pair of terminal electrodes, wherein the sensing element comprises: (i) a semiconducting portion of the substrate, wherein the semiconducting portion comprises a high-resistivity non-oxide semiconductor and wherein a conduction path between the terminal electrodes passes through the semiconducting portion; and (ii) a bioanalyte binding site on a surface of the semiconducting portion, wherein binding of a bioanalyte to the bioanalyte binding site causes a change in electrical resistance of the sensor.

Some embodiments described herein relate to a substrate comprising a silane functionalized surface for reversibly immobilizing a biological molecule of interest, such as oligonucleotides, polynucleotides, or protein. Methods for immobilizing the biological molecule and the use in DNA sequencing and other diagnostic applications are also disclosed.

Some embodiments described herein relate to a substrate comprising a silane functionalized surface for reversibly immobilizing a biological molecule of interest, such as oligonucleotides, polynucleotides, or protein. Methods for immobilizing the biological molecule and the use in DNA sequencing and other diagnostic applications are also disclosed.

A device (1) for use in the detection of binding affinities comprises a planar waveguide (2) arranged on a substrate (22). The waveguide (2) has an outer surface (21) and a plurality of incoupling lines (31) for coupling a beam of coherent light into the waveguide (2) such that a parallel beam of coherent light (62) propagates along the waveguide (2). The incoupling lines (31) are curved and have an increasing distance between adjacent incoupling lines (31). A divergent beam of coherent light (61) of a predetermined wavelength is coupled into the waveguide (2) such that it propagates along the waveguide (2). A plurality of binding sites (51) is attached to the outer surface (21) along at least one further plurality of diffraction lines arranged in an outcoupling section of the waveguide (2). These diffraction lines comprise a plurality of curved outcoupling lines (41) having a decreasing distance between adjacent outcoupling lines. They decouple a diffracted portion of coherent light from the planar waveguide (2), and the decoupled portion of coherent light (63) converges into a predetermined second focal location (631).

The present invention provides a method and a system based on a multi-gate field effect transistor for sensing molecules in a gas or liquid sample. The said FET transistor comprises dual gate lateral electrodes (and optionally a back gate electrode) located on the two sides of an active region, and a sensing surface on top of the said active region. Applying voltages to the lateral gate electrodes, creates a conductive channel in the active region, wherein the width and the lateral position of the said channel can be controlled. Enhanced sensing sensitivity is achieved by measuring the channels conductivity at a plurality of positions in the lateral direction. The use of an array of the said FTE for electronic nose is also disclosed.