The present invention relates to peptides, proteins, nucleic acids and cells for use in immunotherapeutic methods. In particular, the present invention relates to the immunotherapy of cancer. The present invention furthermore relates to tumor-associated T-cell peptide epitopes, alone or in combination with other tumor-associated peptides that can for example serve as active pharmaceutical ingredients of vaccine compositions that stimulate anti-tumor immune responses, or to stimulate T cells ex vivo and transfer into patients. Peptides bound to molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), or peptides as such, can also be targets of antibodies, soluble T-cell receptors, and other binding molecules.

The disclosure provides methods for characterizing a prostate cancer sample by detecting expression of ERG, PTEN or both, changes in which relative to a normal control are shown herein to be correlated with prostate cancer capsular penetration and more aggressive forms of prostate cancer. Such methods are useful for the prognosis of prostate cancer capsular penetration and for making treatment decisions in patients with prostate cancer that has penetrated the capsule. Also provided are kits that can be used with such methods.

A method of treating a patient who has prostate cancer includes administering to said patient a composition containing a population of activated T cells that selectively recognize cells in the patient that aberrantly express a peptide. A pharmaceutical composition contains activated T cells that selectively recognize cells in a patient that aberrantly express a peptide, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, in which the T cells bind to the peptide in a complex with an MHC class I molecule, and the composition is for treating the patient who has prostate cancer. A method of treating a patient who has prostate cancer includes administering to said patient a composition comprising a peptide in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereby inducing a T-cell response to the prostate cancer.

The invention belongs to the technical field of biomedical testing, and particularly relates to a biomarker for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for hepatocellular carcinoma bone metastasis (HCC) and application thereof. The application of biomarker VAPA for preparing a reagent or a kit for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for HCC bone metastasis. The application of the reagent that detects VAPA expression levels in blood and tissues for preparing a reagent or kit for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for HCC bone metastasis. Compared with the diagnostic kits in the prior art that can only detect bone metastasis after it has occurred, the VAPA described in this invention offers a more specific and sensitive assay kit for the early prediction, diagnosis, disease progression assessment, treatment efficacy evaluation, drug guidance, and prognosis assessment of HCC bone metastasis. Additionally, the VAPA may also serve as a target for therapeutic interventions in bone metastasis.

Provided herein, in one aspect, are antibodies that immunospecifically bind to a human KIT antigen comprising the fourth and/or fifth extracellular Ig-like domains (that is, D4 and/or D5 domains), polynucleotides comprising nucleotide sequences encoding such antibodies, and expression vectors and host cells for producing such antibodies. The antibodies can inhibit KIT activity, such as ligand-induced receptor phosphorylation. Also provided herein are kits and pharmaceutical compositions comprising antibodies that specifically bind to a KIT antigen, as well as methods of treating or managing a KIT-associated disorder or disease and methods of diagnosing a KIT-associated disorder or disease using the antibodies described herein.

A method of treating a patient who has prostate cancer includes administering to said patient a composition containing a population of activated T cells that selectively recognize cells in the patient that aberrantly express a peptide. A pharmaceutical composition contains activated T cells that selectively recognize cells in a patient that aberrantly express a peptide, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, in which the T cells bind to the peptide in a complex with an MHC class I molecule, and the composition is for treating the patient who has prostate cancer. A method of treating a patient who has prostate cancer includes administering to said patient a composition comprising a peptide in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereby inducing a T-cell response to the prostate cancer.

The invention provides to RAF1 gene fusions, RAF1 fusion proteins, and fragments of those genes and polypeptides. The invention further provides methods of diagnosing and treating diseases or disorders associated with RAF1 fusions, such as conditions mediated by aberrant RAF1 expression or activity, or overexpression of RAF1.

The present invention relates to peptides, proteins, nucleic acids and cells for use in immunotherapeutic methods. In particular, the present invention relates to the immunotherapy of cancer. The present invention furthermore relates to tumor-associated T-cell peptide epitopes, alone or in combination with other tumor-associated peptides that can for example serve as active pharmaceutical ingredients of vaccine compositions that stimulate anti-tumor immune responses, or to stimulate T cells ex vivo and transfer into patients. Peptides bound to molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), or peptides as such, can also be targets of antibodies, soluble T-cell receptors, and other binding molecules.

The invention provides TERT gene fusions, TERT fusion proteins, and fragments of those genes and polypeptides. The invention further provides methods of diagnosing diseases or disorders associated with TERT fusions, such as conditions mediated by aberrant TERT expression or activity, or overexpression of TERT.

The present invention provides methods for the determination of the activation level of Receptor Tyrosine kinases, e.g. phosporylated HER3, for the selection of patients for disease treatment. Methods are also provided for the evaluation of the biological and pharmacodynamic effects of an active substance and/or its efficacy in disease treatment, utilizing a tissue sample from a test subject, for example tumor material or normal tissue such as skin or hair follicle. Further, methods for the treatment of HER receptor-associated diseases are disclosed.