The invention provides methods of using expression levels of one or more cell gene signatures and/or combinations of cell gene signatures as selection criteria for selecting a patient having a cancer for treatment with a therapeutic. The invention further provides methods for selecting a patient having cancer who may benefit from a particular therapeutic, such as an immunotherapy and administering to the patient the immunotherapy to treat the cancer.

The embodiments include methods of treating (preventing or reducing the incidence of) multifocal cancer by administering to a unifocal cancer focus a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutically effective amount of pharmaceutically active ingredient capable of inducing necrosis of the unifocal cancer tumor, wherein administration reduces multifocal cancer incidence, multifocal cancer grade, and multifocal cancer progression (worsening) in the entire organ or organism.

Methods are provided for assessing risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma in a subject using one or more of the following marker genes/proteins: ISG15, LTF, CNDP2, DAD1, SET, UBE2N, S100P, and GPI. Methods are also provided for determining expression of one or more esophageal adenocarcinoma risk factors in a subject. Methods are also provided for treating esophageal adenocarcinoma in a subject, for preventing esophageal adenocarcinoma in a subject, for inhibiting or decreasing proliferation of esophageal adenocarcinoma cells, for inhibiting or decreasing migration of esophageal adenocarcinoma cells, or for increasing susceptibility to cytotoxicity or inducing cell death of esophageal adenocarcinoma cells.

Disclosed are biomarkers for Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma, and uses thereof, such as in methods for detecting the presence, and monitoring progression, of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Also disclosed are methods for treating and methods of monitoring the treatment of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma, as well as kits and compositions for use in such methods.

Among regulatory T cells, natural regulatory T cells (nTregs) ensure the control of self-tolerance and are currently tested in clinical trials in autoimmune diseases and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Here the inventors show that based on CD39/CD26 markers, the human nTreg population is comprised of 5 major cell subsets each representing a distinct state of maturation. Phenotypic and genetic characteristics of the subsets illustrate the structural parental maturation between subsets which further correlates with expression of regulatory factors. Importantly, the inventors also show that blood nTreg CD39/CD26 profile, remaining constant over a 2year period in healthy persons but varying between individuals, represents a novel biomarker for monitoring chronic diseases, as illustrated in their preliminary study on AI (dermatomyositis, rheumatoid arthritis and leukemias). Accordingly, the present invention relates to the use of CD26 and CD39 as phenotypic markers for assessing maturation of natural Treg cells.

The present technology relates to methods for predicting the risk of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in a subject prior to the onset of AML symptoms, and whether such a subject will benefit from treatment with an AML therapy. The methods disclosed herein are based on detecting the presence of mutations in the nucleic acid sequences of IDH1/2, TP53, DNMT3A, TET2, and spliceosome genes. Kits for use in practicing the methods are also provided.

Disclosed herein is a system and methods for determining the alleles, neoantigens, and vaccine composition as determined on the basis of an individual's tumor mutations. Also disclosed are systems and methods for obtaining high quality sequencing data from a tumor. Further, described herein are systems and methods for identifying somatic changes in polymorphic genome data. Finally, described herein are unique cancer vaccines.

Functional in vitro assays are provided for determining patient specific responsiveness to immunotherapy agents within a clinically actionable time frame.

A system and method for using new biomarkers to assess individual diseases is provided. In one embodiment of the present invention, absolute quantification of annotated metabolites by mass spectrometry is used to identify certain biomarkers and derivatives thereof (i.e., signatures), which are then used to screen for, diagnose, predict, prognose, and treat various diseases, including, but not limited to, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and acute graft-versus-host disease.

The present invention relates to a peptide selectively binding to a cancer cell-derived exosome, and uses thereof, wherein a peptide of ExoPep (CRKVAKG) has been discovered using a phage display technique to discover a peptide with specific binding ability to an exosome derived from cancer cells, and the peptide binds to a cancer cell-derived exosome having a property of moving to a cancer site and a cancer metastasis site, and thus may have the effect of delivering an anticancer drug to the cancer metastasis site.