Provided is a non-invasive method of detecting or screening for a cancer in a subject specimen originating in a tissue outside of the lung. The method includes detecting elevated levels of one or more carbonyl-containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are biomarkers for the cancer in exhaled breath from the subject specimen. The method may further include obtaining exhaled breath from the subject specimen; forming adducts of the carbonyl-containing VOCs with a reactive chemical compound; quantifying the adducts of the carbonyl-containing VOCs to establish a subject value for each of the adducts; and comparing each subject value to a threshold healthy specimen value for each of the adducts of the carbonyl-containing VOCs. One or more subject values at quantities greater than threshold healthy specimen values are also useful for screening for the cancer in the subject specimen.

Disclosed herein is a system and methods for determining the alleles, neoantigens, and vaccine composition as determined on the basis of an individual's tumor mutations. Also disclosed are systems and methods for obtaining high quality sequencing data from a tumor. Further, described herein are systems and methods for identifying somatic changes in polymorphic genome data. Finally, described herein are unique cancer vaccines.

A diagnostic strip for reacting with a target for diagnosis, including: a connector configured to be connected to a power providing unit and provide a driving power to the diagnostic strip; an entry path configured to transfer a body fluid including the target; a reaction unit configured to react with the target and whose electrical characteristic is changed by the reaction; and a display unit configured to receive the driving power and whose display state is changed according to the changed electrical characteristic of the reaction unit.

Provided is a method for detecting a biomarker indicating states of a target biological system based on data acquired by measuring the target biological system. The method includes the steps of: preparing a reference dataset based on data acquired from one or more reference biological systems; generating a target dataset by adding, to the reference dataset, target biological data acquired from the target biological system; acquiring first correlation coefficients between a plurality of factor items in the reference dataset; acquiring second correlation coefficients between the plurality of factor items in the target dataset; acquiring difference correlation coefficients that are differences between the first correlation coefficients and the second correlation coefficients; acquiring indexes respectively for the plurality of factor items based on the difference correlation coefficients; and selecting the biomarker based on the indexes.

The invention relates to methods for predicting the outcome of a patient suffering from prostate cancer or breast cancer and methods for the treatment of prostate cancer or breast cancer. The inventors show that Doublecortin-expressing (DCX.sup.+) neural precursors from the central nervous system (CNS) enter the bloodstream, infiltrate prostate tumours and metastasis and differentiate into neo-neurons that contribute to tumour development. In human primary prostate tumours and transgenic mouse cancer tissues, the density of DCX.sup.+ neural progenitors is strongly associated with tumour aggressiveness, invasion and recurrence. In transgenic cancer mice, oscillations of DCX.sup.+ neural stem cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ), a neurogenic area of the CNS, were associated with egress of DCX.sup.+ cells from the SVZ to the bloodstream. These cells then reach the tumour where they initiate neurogenesis. Selective genetic depletion of DCX.sup.+ cells in mice inhibits the early phases of prostate cancer development, whereas ortho topic transplantation of DCX.sup.+ cells purified from prostate tumour or brain tissues promotes tumour growth and cancer cell dissemination. These results unveil a unique crosstalk between the CNS and the tumour that drives a process of neurogenesis necessary for prostate cancer development, and indicate a novel neural element of the tumour microenvironment as a potential target for cancer treatment. Thus, the invention relates to a method for predicting the outcome of a patient suffering from prostate cancer and compound targeting DCX.sup.+ neural progenitor cells for use in the treatment of prostate cancer.

There is described herein a method of detecting the presence of DNA from cancer cells in a subject comprising: providing a sample of cell-free DNA from a subject; subjecting the sample to library preparation to permit subsequent sequencing of the cell-free methylated DNA; optionally denaturing the sample; capturing cell-free methylated DNA using a binder selective for methylated polynucleotides; sequencing the captured cell-free methylated DNA; comparing the sequences of the captured cell-free methylated DNA to control cell-free methylated DNAs sequences from healthy and cancerous individuals; identifying the presence of DNA from cancer cells if there is a statistically significant similarity between one or more sequences of the captured cell-free methylated DNA and cell-free methylated DNAs sequences from cancerous individuals.

The invention generally features compositions and methods for the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of neoplasia in a subject, as well as methods of treatment selection.

Peptides that home, target, migrate to, are directed to, are retained by, or accumulate in and/or bind to the cartilage or kidney of a subject are disclosed. Pharmaceutical compositions and uses for peptides or peptide-active agent complexes comprising such peptides are also disclosed. Such compositions can be formulated for targeted delivery of an active agent to a target region, tissue, structure or cell in the cartilage. Targeted compositions of the disclosure can deliver peptide or peptide-active agent complexes to target regions, tissues, structures, or cells targeted by the peptide.

The present disclosure relates to polypeptides, such as fibronectin type III (FN3) domains that can bind CD71, their conjugates, isolated nucleotides encoding the molecules, vectors, host-cells, as well as methods of making and using the same.

Methods of analyzing a sample, diagnosing a cancer, and a treating a patient are described. Various markers for cancers, including triple negative breast cancer, are disclosed.