Described herein are methods of identifying host factors that modulate Hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in mammalian, e.g., human cells, as well as factors identified by those methods, and methods of treating HBV infections by targeting those factors. Zinc finger, CCHC domain containing 14 (ZCCHC14) is an exemplary host factor.

The present invention provides a chimera nucleic acid obtained from circulatory system for monitoring tumor size. The nucleic acid comprises partial sequence derived from host genome and partial sequence derived from non-host genome. The partial sequence derived from host genome and the partial sequence derived from non-host genome form a chimera junction. The chimera junction is obtained from cell-free nucleic acids and is indicative of tumor size.

Provided herein are multiplex assays for determining whether an individual is or has been infected with Hepatitis B virus, and the stage of infection or resolution. In addition, the multiplex system can discriminate between vaccinated subjects and subjects susceptible to Hepatitis B infection.

The present invention provides means and methods for determining whether a hepatitis B patient is susceptible to hepatitis B treatment, comprising determining whether a sample of the patient comprises nucleic acid with nucleotide polymorphisms that are associated with a positive outcome of hepatitis B treatment and/or determining whether a sample of the patient comprises an expression level of carnitine or of a carnitine derivative that is associated with a positive outcome of hepatitis B treatment. Compositions, kits of parts, (micro)arrays and vectors useful for such methods are also herewith provided.

Described herein are methods of identifying host factors that modulate Hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in mammalian, e.g., human cells, as well as factors identified by those methods, and methods of treating HBV infections by targeting those factors. Zinc finger, CCHC domain containing 14 (ZCCHC14) is an exemplary host factor.

Described herein are methods of identifying host factors that modulate Hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in mammalian, e.g., human cells, as well as factors identified by those methods, and methods of treating HBV infections by targeting those factors. Zinc finger, CCHC domain containing 14 (ZCCHC14) is an exemplary host factor.

An anti-RNA virus particle antibody of HBV may specifically identify an RNA virus particle of hepatitis B virus (HBV). The antibody may include the CDR sequence in a heavy chain amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, or 7 and CDR sequence in a light chain amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, or 8, or a heavy chain CDR sequence and a light chain CDR sequence each having 70% identity with these.

A method for detecting hepatitis B virus comprising a step of bringing a sample into contact with an antibody which binds to a surface antigen protein of hepatitis B virus, and a lectin. The surface antigen protein of hepatitis B virus may be an S protein, and the lectin may be wheat germ agglutinin. The detection method may involve an ELISA measurement and may be used for testing, prophylaxis, or planning treatment of hepatitis B virus, and for screening medicines.