The present disclosure relates to a method of analyzing a biofluid of a subject for the presence of bacterial extracellular vesicles (EV), the method comprising the steps of a) extracting bacterial EV from the biofluid, b) analyzing the bacterial EV-extracted molecular patterns for the presence of a disease marker, wherein the disease marker is a disease-specific molecular pattern of the subject; and the subject comprising patients diagnosed with HIV, IBD or cancer or the subject receiving a treatment.

This present disclosure provides methods and compositions that can be used to quantify cfDNA in biofluids using a hybridization approach.

Disclosed is a test strip for detecting microalbumin in urine, and more particularly a test strip for detecting microalbumin in urine that contains a synthetic albumin indicator, a buffer solution, a surfactant and a polymer (sensitizer) and thus exhibits high sensitivity. The albumin detection test strip has accuracy sufficient to enable clear observation of color change from colorless to blue through the albumin indicator, and improves the detection limit (increases sensitivity) to thereby enable detection of microalbuminuria at a concentration of 20 mg/L or less. The albumin test detection strip contains a surfactant and a polymer in addition to a synthetic albumin indicator, thereby incorporating separate first and second processes into a single process and having effects of reducing costs, improving processing convenience, and increasing solubility and miscibility.

A modified electrode, manufacturing method thereof and use thereof are provided. The manufacturing method includes steps of: mixing a carbon nanomaterial with 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), followed by drop-casting on a screen-printed carbon electrode, to obtain carbon material modified electrodes; and electrochemically pre-treating the carbon material modified electrodes by cyclic voltammetry technique, constant potential technique, or constant current technique to obtain a modified electrode. 3-Ethyl-6-sulfonate benzothiazolinone imine and 3-ethyl-6-sulfonate benzothiazolone compound are formed on a surface of the modified electrode, and the modified electrode is used for protein analysis, protein immobilization and related biosensor, electrochemical catalysis or biofuel cells.

Provided herein is the use of measurements of cell-free DNA, protein, and/or metabolite found in biofluid (e.g., urine) for identifying and treating organ injury. Provided herein are methods and compositions for monitoring, detecting, quantifying, and treating kidney injury in subjects suffering from or suspected of having an altered renal status by measuring amounts of cfDNA and one or more other markers, such as inflammation markers, apoptosis markers, protein, and DNA methylation.

Embodiments of the instant disclosure relate to novel methods for treatment of a neurodegenerative disease or condition. In certain embodiments, methods of alleviating a neurodegenerative disease in a subject include administering an effective concentration of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF); monitoring an absolute number of at least one of leukocytes, concentration of at least one inflammatory cytokine, concentration of at least one neurodegenerative condition biomarker, or a combination thereof in the subject; and adjusting GM-CSF treatment regimens based the level of at least one of these parameters. In some embodiments, methods of alleviating a neurodegenerative condition in a subject can further include performing at least one cognition assessment test before and after GM-CSF treatment and adjusting the GM-CSF treatment regimen based on observations in the cognitive state of the subject before and after administration of GM-CSF.

The current disclosure provides a home test for simultaneous measurement of glucose control and kidney function in patients. It is a handheld device that measures the ratio of glycated albumin (GA) to albumin as well as albumin to creatinine ratio in a biological sample. The device works in conjunction with a disposable microfluidic cassette which contains an inlet for the sample to be deposited into, which might be separated into two channels or might be single channel wherein reagents are incorporated. The channels are designed to transport the sample to working electrodes coated with specific binding agents. The binding agents are antibodies or aptamers or binding peptides. The binding agents bind specifically to respective analytes in the sample and produces change in impedance. The microfluidic cassette is inserted into an instrument that automatically reads, calculates and displays GA/albumin ratio and albumin/creatinine ratio based on changes in impedance measurement.

A modified electrode, manufacturing method thereof and use thereof are provided. The manufacturing method includes steps of: mixing a carbon nanomaterial with 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), followed by drop-casting on a screen-printed carbon electrode, to obtain carbon material modified electrodes; and electrochemically pre-treating the carbon material modified electrodes by cyclic voltammetry technique, constant potential technique, or constant current technique to obtain a modified electrode. 3-Ethyl-6-sulfonate benzothiazolinone imine and 3-ethyl-6-sulfonate benzothiazolone compound are formed on a surface of the modified electrode, and the modified electrode is used for protein analysis, protein immobilization and related biosensor, electrochemical catalysis or biofuel cells.

Color-based (colorimetric) breast milk analyses using test strips (paper-based assays) read with the smartphone camera to quantify the concentration in accordance with embodiments of the invention are disclosed. In one embodiment, a color-based strip for testing breast milk is provided, the strip including: a first portion including a protein reagent pad where exposing the protein reagent pad to breast milk results in a first enzymatic reaction for measurement of total protein concentration in the breast milk, a second portion including a fat regent pad where exposing the fat reagent pad to breast milk results in a second enzymatic reaction for measurement of fat concentration in the breast milk, and a third portion comprising a lactose reagent pad where exposing the lactose reagent pad to breast milk results in a third enzymatic reaction for measurement of lactose concentration in the breast milk.

A method of updating the status of an insurance customer includes identifying a plurality of individuals with a first insurance status and delivering home testing kits to the plurality of individuals. Upon completion of the home testing kits, medical image information is received from a mobile communications device and processed to determine a state of a medical analysis region. Individuals with medical analysis regions in a differing state of criticality are identified. Healthcare providers may be provided with information indicating that there is a likelihood that the identified individuals are entitled to a second insurance status.