There is provided a method of manufacturing a protein array or peptide array suitable for an efficient screening of a functional protein or functional peptide. The method of manufacturing a protein array or peptide array includes the steps of: (a) preparing a nucleic acid immobilized on a solid support and a cell-free synthesis system in a reactor, in which a reactor array includes the reactor having a specific aperture shape and a protein capture molecule or a peptide capture molecule provided on at least a portion of wall surface and bottom surface in the reactor; and (c) synthesizing a protein or peptide from the nucleic acid using the cell-free synthesis system and immobilizing the protein or peptide in the reactor.

The invention relates to biosensors. More particularly, this invention relates to an electrochemical biosensor and to electrochemically active enzymes or variants thereof that are suitable for detection of one or more target molecules in a sample.

The invention provides novel peptide binders for streptavidin (SA), Taq polymerase and several human proteins: Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA), thrombin, Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF), and Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator (uPA).

Multiplexed test measurements are conducted using an assay module having a plurality of assay domains. In preferred embodiments, these measurements are conducted in assay modules having integrated electrodes with a reader apparatus adapted to receive assay modules, induce luminescence, preferably electrode induced luminescence, in the wells or assay regions of the assay modules and measure the induced luminescence.

Disclosed herein are nanoscale field effect transistors (NFETs), e.g., graphene based field effect transistors (GFETs), that do not have physical gates. Instead, they are gated by polar fluids. Systems and methods using such transistors are also disclosed.

The present invention provides compositions and methods that can be used to determine a peptide signature for an antibody repertoire in a sample comprising multiple antibodies. The method can be used to characterize a phenotype in a sample, such as providing a diagnosis, prognosis or theranosis of a medical condition.

Polypeptides with biophysical properties such as solubility, stability, high expression, monomericity, binding specificity or non-aggregation, including monomeric human heavy and light chain variable domains (V.sub.Hs and V.sub.Ls), are identified using a high throughput method for screening polypeptides, comprising the steps of obtaining a phage display library, allowing infection of a bacterial lawn by the library phage, and identifying phage which form larger than average plaques on the bacterial lawn. Sequences of monomeric human V.sub.Hs and V.sub.Ls are identified, which may be useful for immunotherapy or as diagnostic agents. Multimer complexes of human V.sub.Hs and V.sub.Ls are also identified. The V.sub.Hs and V.sub.Ls identified may be used to create further libraries for identifying additional polypeptides. Further, the V.sub.Hs and V.sub.Ls may be subjected to DNA shuffling to select for improved biophysical properties.

The present invention relates to, among other things, probes, compositions, methods, and kits for simultaneous, multiplexed detection and quantification of protein and/or nucleic acid expression in a user-defined region of a tissue, user-defined cell, and/or user-defined subcellular structure within a cell.

Methods for producing high concentration protein formulations having high stability are provided. Assays for selecting proteins and formulation conditions that have high self-repulsive attributes are used as an early step in the manufacturing process. Specifically, a protein concentration-dependent self-interaction nanoparticle spectroscopy method is employed as a protein colloidal interaction assay.

Antibodies that bind ICOS (Inducible T cell Co-Stimulator). Therapeutic use of anti-ICOS antibodies for modulating the ratio between regulatory T cells and effector T cells, to stimulate the immune system of patients, including use in treating cancers. Methods of producing anti-ICOS antibodies, including species cross-reactive antibodies, using transgenic knock-out mice.