Disclosed are methods and systems for measuring serotonin in a sample using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.

The gene responsible for encoding SERT has a functional polymorphism at the 5-regulatory promoter region, which results in two forms, long (L) and short (S). The LL-genotype is hypothesized to play a key role in the early onset of alcohol use. The present invention discloses the differences in treatment and diagnosis based on the L or short genotypes as well as on a single nucleotide polymorphism of the SERT gene, the 3 UTR SNP rs1042173. The present invention demonstrates the efficacy of using the drug ondansetron and similar drugs for treatment based on variations in the polymorphisms of the SERT gene as well as methods for diagnosing susceptibility to abuse of alcohol and other addiction-related diseases and disorders.

The present application relates to 3-cyclic amine-indole derivatives of general Formula (I), to processes for their preparation, to compositions comprising them and to their use in activation of a serotonin receptor in a cell, as well as to treating diseases, disorders or conditions by activation of a serotonin receptor in a cell. The diseases, disorders or conditions include, for example, psychosis, mental illnesses, and other neurological diseases, disorders and conditions. ##STR00001##

The present application relates to psilocin derivatives of Formula (I), to processes for their preparation, to compositions comprising them and to their use in activation of a serotonin receptor in a cell, as well as to treating diseases, disorders or conditions by activation of a serotonin receptor in a cell. ##STR00001##

Methods that include determining levels of melatonin pathway agents (melatonin, L-tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), serotonin, N-acetylserotonin (NAS), and melatonin receptor 1A (MT1)) in Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in both newborns (HIE) and adults (stroke), and in ALS, and optionally administering these agents to treat these conditions.

The present invention provides methods for aiding in the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in an individual. In particular, the present invention is useful for determining whether the individual does not have either celiac disease or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and has IBS and/or a subtype thereof. Thus, the present invention provides an accurate diagnostic prediction of IBS and is useful for guiding treatment decisions.

The present application relates to psilocin derivatives of Formula (I), to processes for their preparation, to compositions comprising them and to their use in activation of a serotonin receptor in a cell, as well as to treating diseases, disorders or conditions by activation of a serotonin receptor in a cell.

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The electrochemical sensor according to the present invention can precisely measure the current value of serotonin by preventing a decrease in sensitivity due to the background in the blood and thus can effectively diagnose allergy.

The gene responsible for encoding SERT has a functional polymorphism at the 5-regulatory promoter region, which results in two forms, long (L) and short (S). The LL-genotype is hypothesized to play a key role in the early onset of alcohol use. The present invention discloses the differences in treatment and diagnosis based on the L or short genotypes as well as on a single nucleotide polymorphism of the SERT gene, the 3 UTR SNP rs1042173. The present invention demonstrates the efficacy of using the drug ondansetron and similar drugs for treatment based on variations in the polymorphisms of the SERT gene as well as methods for diagnosing susceptibility to abuse of alcohol and other addiction-related diseases and disorders.

Disclosed is a method for simultaneous analysis of neurotransmitters and/or their metabolites. The method includes (a) separating analytes including a plurality of neurotransmitters and/or their metabolites from a sample selected from body tissues, body fluids, secretions, and excretions, (b) derivatizing the analytes with ethyl chloroformate to obtain derivatives of the plurality of neurotransmitters and/or their metabolites, (c) separating the derivatives of the plurality of neurotransmitters and/or their metabolites by liquid chromatography, and (d) subjecting the separated derivatives of the neurotransmitters or their metabolites to multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) using a mass spectrometer. According to the method, a plurality of neurotransmitters in a very small amount of sample can be simultaneously analyzed in an accurate and rapid manner based on derivatization to increase the stability and ionization efficiency of the substances.