The present disclosure relates to a method for validating an existence of a urinary exosome including steps as follows. A urine sample is obtained from a subject. The urine sample is performing a serially centrifugation step to obtain a third precipitate. The third precipitate is resuspended with an extraction solvent to obtain a third mixture, and the third mixture is centrifuged to obtain a fourth supernatant. The fourth supernatant is analyzed by a mass spectrometry to detect whether there is a particular peptide therein.

Provided are methods for detecting or isolating circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in a subject. The methods may include detecting the expression of at least one epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) biomarker. Further provided are kits for detecting or isolating CTCs. The kits may include antibodies to at least one EMT biomarker. Further provided are methods of predicting the responsiveness of a subject to a cancer drug, methods of targeting delivery of a cancer drug in a subject, methods of providing a cancer prognosis to a subject, and methods for following the progress of cancer in a subject.

The present invention provides methods for analysing a urine sample from a subject comprising exposing the urine sample to a lysis buffer which is capable of releasing at least one biomarker from cells in the urine sample. The present invention further provides kits, devices, and apparatuses that can be used in these methods. Finally, the present invention provides methods for detecting the presence of a urological cancer in a subject comprising performing an assay on a sample from a subject to determine the concentration of an Mcm protein.

An isolated antibody, comprising: a heavy chain variable domain (V.sub.H) that is at least 75% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; and a light chain variable domain (V.sub.L) that is at least 75% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; wherein the antibody binds specifically to human neurotensin receptor 1 (hNTSR1).

Described herein is a platform and supported graphical user interface (GUI) decision-making tools for use by medical practitioners and/or their patients, e.g., to aide in the process of making decisions about a course of cancer treatment and/or to track treatment and/or the progress of a disease.

A method of diagnosing a potentially lethal prostate cancer in a patient comprising measuring one of a level of SAM Pointed Domain Containing ETS Transcription Factor (SPDEF) expression in the patient, a level of TWIST1 protein in the patient, and a level of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) expression in the patient, and diagnosing the patient with potentially lethal prostate cancer if one of the level of SPDEF in the patient is lower than a normal level of SPDEF, the level of TWIST1 in the patient is higher than a normal level of TWIST1, and the level of MMP-9 in the patient is higher than a normal level of MMP-9.

Disclosed herein are methods of increasing the expression rate of epigenetic markers such as ELOVL2, KLF14, and PENK with administration of a therapeutic agent (e.g., vitamin C or its derivatives, analogs, metabolites, prodrugs, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof). Also described herein are methods of modulating the methylation pattern of epigenetic markers such as ELOVL2, KLF14, and PENK with administration of a therapeutic agent (e.g., vitamin C or its derivatives, analogs, metabolites, prodrugs, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof).

The present invention relates to phosphodiesterase 9A (PDE9A) for use as a marker for prostate cancer, and the use of PDE9A as a marker for diagnosing, detecting, monitoring or prognosticating prostate cancer or the progression of prostate cancer. The present invention also relates to a composition for diagnosing, detecting, monitoring or prognosticating prostate cancer or the progression of prostate cancer, a corresponding method and immunoassay, a method for diagnosing, monitoring or prognosticating hormone-resistant prostate cancer vs. hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, a corresponding immunoassay, a method of data acquisition, an immunoassay for diagnosing, detecting, monitoring or prognosticating prostate cancer or the progression of prostate cancer, a method of identifying an individual for eligibility for prostate cancer therapy, an immunoassay for stratifying an individual or cohort of individuals with a prostate cancer disease, an immunoassay for stratifying an individual with prostate cancer. The present invention further envisages pharmaceutical compositions and their use for the treatment of prostate cancer, in particular hormone-resistant prostate cancer.

The invention relates to a downmodulator of CUB domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1), for use in a method of treating a patient suffering from castrate-resistant prostate cancer. The invention further relates to a pharmaceutical composition, comprising a downmodulator of CDCP1 and a senolytic compound, and to methods of selecting a patient with prostate cancer eligible for treatment with a combination of downmodulator of CDCP1 and a senolytic compound.

The invention relates to the use of cell free nucleosome bound nuclear hormone receptor variant adducts for detecting the progression of hormone dependent disease to hormone therapy resistant disease or the effectiveness of a drug treatment in a patient. The invention also relates to methods for detecting said cell free nucleosome bound nuclear hormone receptor variant adducts.