The present invention relates to EPLIN as a biomarker for cancer and particularly small-size (T1/T2N0 and/or stage I/II) cancer. Thus, the invention provides use of EPLIN and an in vitro method of prognosing cancer or diagnosing aggressive cancer in a subject on the basis of the expression level of EPLIN. Also provided is a method for selecting treatment for cancer or predicting response to treatment. Also provided is a kit for use in said methods.

The invention described herein relates to methods of monitoring genotoxic stress in a test subject, specifically by detecting the expression level of microvesicle-associated H2AX from a biological sample.

The current disclosure provides methods for detecting and analyzing KRT17 expression in a sample obtained from a subject. The current disclosure also pertains to methods and kits for identifying a mammalian subject with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The current disclosure further provides methods and kits for determining the likelihood of survival of a subject having head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Provided herein are methods of identifying a subject having a poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor-sensitive tumor by detecting a genomic gain in chromosome 1q21 and/or chromosome 20q13.3 in a tumor sample from the subject. Also provided are methods of identifying a subject having a PARP inhibitor-sensitive tumor by detecting gene amplification of a CHD1L gene or an RTEL1 gene in a tumor sample from the subject. Further provided are methods of treating a tumor with a genomic gain in chromosome 1q21 and/or chromosome 20q13.3 in a subject by administering an effective dose of a PARP inhibitor.

The invention provides methods of detecting cancer biomarkers, such as one or more SWI/SNF complex mutations, in order to determine a cancer subject's amenability to therapeutic treatment with a BRM inhibitor. Kits, methods of screening for candidate BRM inhibitors, and associated methods of treatment are also provided.

The present invention relates to the use of an inhibitor of Rad18 expression or activity, in treating a tumor or in sensitizing a patient affected with a tumor, to a treatment with an antineoplastic agent that is a DNA damaging chemotherapeutic agent so to both reduce the self renewal of cancer stem cells and increase the DNA damage response thus boosting apoptotic cell death.

Provided herein are methods of treating a nonhematopoietic malignant tumor in a patient and methods of prognosing a nonhematopoietic malignant tumor in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of an agent that preferentially kills or inhibits proliferation or activity of leukocytes relative to nonhematopoietic cells.

Provided herein are kits for detecting and quantifying the level of a metastatic cancer biomarker(s) in a patient. The kits may contain a detection and quantifying means, such as, biomarker specific antibodies. Also provided are methods for determining a prognosis, a stratification and/or monitoring of a metastatic cancer in a patient. The level or activity of at least two biomarkers, such as obscurin, PI3K, E-cadherin, or N-cadherin is measured in a patient sample and compared to corresponding biomarkers in a control sample. A significant difference in the level or activity of the biomarkers between the patient sample and control is indicative of a metastatic cancer. In addition a method for treating a metastatic breast cancer via administration of a PI3K inhibitor and an agent that increases expression of obscurin is provided.

Anti-tumour immune responses to modified self-epitopes. The present invention relates to the use of tumour-associated epitopes in medicine and in particular in the treatment of cancer. The epitopes stimulate an immune reaction against the tumour and have a modification selected from deimination of arginine to citrulline, nitration of tyrosine, oxidation of tryptophan and deamination of glutamine or asparagine. The invention also relates to nucleic acids comprising sequences that encode such epitopes for use in the treatment of cancer.

The present invention relates to the discovery that inhibition of Dickkopf2 (DKK2) increases CD8.sup.+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity, attenuates tumor angiogenesis, and hence suppresses tumor formation. Thus, in various embodiments described herein, the methods of the invention relate to methods of treating cancer by administering to a patient an effective amount of DKK2 gene depleting agent, methods for providing anti-tumor immunity and anti-tumor angiogenesis in a subject, methods of stimulating a T cell mediated immune response to a cell population or a tissue and suppressing tumor angiogenesis in a subject. Additionally, the current invention includes methods of diagnosing a cancer or a predisposition of developing a cancer or a metastasis and methods for determining the use of immunotherapy treatment or cancer vaccine for treating cancer. Furthermore, the invention encompasses a pharmaceutical composition for treating cancer as well as a kit for carrying out the aforementioned methods.