The present disclosure describes a throughput-scalable image sensing system for analyzing biological or chemical samples is provided. The system includes a plurality of image sensors configured to detect at least a portion of light emitted as a result of analyzing the biological or chemical samples. The plurality of image sensors is arranged on a plurality of wafer-level packaged semiconductor dies of a single semiconductor wafer. Each image sensor of the plurality of image sensors is disposed on a separate packaged semiconductor die of the plurality of packaged semiconductor dies. Neighboring packaged semiconductor dies are separated by a dicing street; and the plurality of packaged semiconductor dies and a plurality of dicing streets are arranged such that the plurality of packaged semiconductor dies can be diced from the single semiconductor wafer as a group.

Methods, apparatus, systems, and methods are described that relate to microneedle-assisted aptamer-based electrochemical sensing for label-free, continuous real-time monitoring of biomarkers in a biofluid. One example device for electrochemical monitoring of one or more analytes in a biofluid includes a substrate and at least two microneedles coupled to the substrate. Each microneedle in the at least two microneedles includes a protruded needle structure and an electrode probe structure. The electrode probe structure of a first microneedle in the at least two microneedles includes an aptamer sequence which is specific for a first analyte and the electrode probe structure of the first microneedle is operable as a working electrode for detection of the first analyte using a first electrochemical detection technique.

Systems and methods are provided for trapping and electrically monitoring molecules in a nanopore sensor. The nanopore sensor comprises a support structure with a first and a second fluidic chamber, at least one nanopore fluidically connected to the two chambers, and a protein shuttle. The protein shuttle comprises an electrically charged protein molecule, such as Avidin. The nanopore can be a Clytosolin A. A method can comprise applying a voltage across the nanopores to draw protein shuttles towards the nanopores. The ionic current through each or all of the nanopores can be concurrently measured. Based on the measured ionic current, blockage events can be detected. Each blockage event indicates a capture of a protein shuttle by at least one nanopore. Each blockage event can be detected through a change of the total ionic current flow or a change in the ionic current flow for a particular nanopore.

The presence of analytes can be detected in the bodily fluid using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) or Electrochemical Capacitance Spectroscopy (ECS) in devices, such as handheld point-of-care devices. The devices, as well as systems and methods, utilize using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) or Electrochemical Capacitance Spectroscopy (EIS) in combination with an antibody or other target-capturing molecule on a working electrode. Imaginary impedance or phase shift, as well as background subtraction, also may be utilized.

Improved methods of manufacturing highly sensitive and selective electrochemical biosensors are provided. The method may comprise washing the nanowell array electrodes of the biosensors with ferricyanide, preferably potassium ferricyanide. The method may also comprise washing the electrodes of the biosensors with methylene blue (i.e., methylthioninium chloride), either in addition to the ferricyanide and/or H2SO4 washing steps, or without the ferricyanide and/or H.sub.2SO.sub.4 washing steps.

A system for detecting an infection caused by a strain of bacteria, the system comprising an electrode functionalised with proteins isolated from a cell wall of a bacteria of the strain of bacteria and a controller configured to communicate with the electrode to perform an electrochemical test of a blood sample from a subject. The blood binding sites of proteins to bacteria cell wall to sample deposited on the electrode, wherein the electrochemical test measures a binding energy of one or more biomarkers in the blood sample with the proteins functionalised on the electrode to determine whether the subject has or has had an immune response to the strain of bacteria indicative of an infection caused by the strain of bacteria.

Examples of the disclosure relate to an apparatus for analysing fluid samples. The apparatus is sized and shaped so that it can fit into an input port of an electronic device. The input port could be an existing port of the electronic device such as an input port for a memory card or a charger. The electronic device can be configured with a heat transfer means so that, when the apparatus is inserted into the electronic device, heat from the electronic device can be used to control the temperature of a fluid sample within the apparatus. This can enable the reaction conditions within the apparatus to be controlled.

A microfluidic pH-stat with a specially-is designed slide and portable device can be used for point-of-care enzyme diagnostics. The slide includes a microchamber and a substrate for the enzyme being tested. The substrate is homogenized with the sample in the microchamber to form a test volume. The microchamber includes a working microelectrode that injects current to split water in the test volume to generate hydrogen ions and/or hydroxide ions and a micro-pH-electrode to measure a pH of the test volume; the slide also includes a reference microelectrode. The device includes a processor to adjust the injected current based on the pH of the test volume and determine an activity of the enzyme based on an amount the injected current is adjusted.

A multiple functioning superconductive device was invented based on Toroidal Josephson Junction (FFTJJ) array with 3D-cage structure self-assembled organo-metallic superlattice membrane. The device not only mimics the structure and function of an activated Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) protein, but also mimics the cylinder structure of the Heat Shock Protein (HSP60) protein, that works at room temperature under a normal atmosphere, and without external electromagnetic power applied. The device enabled direct rapid real-time monitoring atto-molarity concentration ATP in biological specimens and was able to define the anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory status revealed a transitional range of ATP concentration under antibody-free, tracer-free and label-free conditions.

Provided is a method of using an aptamer for detecting a glycated hemoglobin in a whole blood, the method includes that the aptamer is provided, the aptamer includes a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of derived sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, and 4, in which the derived sequences refer to that 3′ end and/or 5′ end of the derived sequences are modified, and the derived sequences have 90% identity to the SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, and 4. The aptamer and the whole blood are contacted. A concentration of a conjugate of the aptamer and the glycated hemoglobin is estimated. Provided also is a nanoelectronic aptasensor including the above aptamer.