Methods of diagnosing infections are disclosed. In one embodiment, the method comprises measuring the amount of each of the polypeptides TRAIL, CRP, IP10 and at least one additional polypeptide selected from the group consisting of IL-6 and PCT.

A method of detecting a substance, wherein the method includes functionalizing a plurality of sensors, wherein the functionalizing the plurality of sensors comprises depositing a first material using a piezoelectrically actuated pipette system, wherein the first material includes a polymer, a receptor, and a solvent, wherein the solvent comprises dimethylformamide. The method further includes evaporating a solution of the first material, wherein a residue after the evaporation comprises a functionalized chemical. Additionally, the method includes introducing a control material to a first set of sensors of the plurality of sensors using the piezoelectrically actuated pipette system. Further, the method includes introducing a test material to a second set of sensors of the plurality of sensors using the piezoelectrically actuated pipette system, wherein the test material comprises an analyte. Moreover the method includes determining a difference between a first resonant frequency shift in the first set of sensors of the plurality of sensors and a second resonant frequency shift in the second set of sensors of the plurality of sensors.

A method of detecting a substance, wherein the method includes functionalizing a plurality of sensors, wherein the functionalizing the plurality of sensors comprises depositing a first material using a piezoelectrically actuated pipette system, wherein the first material includes a polymer, a receptor, and a solvent, wherein the solvent comprises dimethylformamide. The method further includes evaporating a solution of the first material, wherein a residue after the evaporation comprises a functionalized chemical. Additionally, the method includes introducing a control material to a first set of sensors of the plurality of sensors using the piezoelectrically actuated pipette system. Further, the method includes introducing a test material to a second set of sensors of the plurality of sensors using the piezoelectrically actuated pipette system, wherein the test material comprises an analyte. Moreover the method includes determining a difference between a first resonant frequency shift in the first set of sensors of the plurality of sensors and a second resonant frequency shift in the second set of sensors of the plurality of sensors.

Provided herein are methods of identifying structures, e.g., attributes, of a therapeutic protein or a target that affect an interaction between the therapeutic protein and the target. In exemplary embodiments, the method comprises: (a) applying a stress to a first sample comprising therapeutic proteins or targets; (b) contacting the first sample with a second sample comprising targets or therapeutic proteins to form a mixture comprising (i) therapeutic protein-target complexes, (ii) unbound therapeutic proteins, and (iii) unbound targets; and (c) separating the mixture into at least two fractions, wherein an unbound fraction comprises unbound therapeutic proteins or unbound targets and a bound fraction comprises therapeutic protein-target complexes; and (d) for each of the unbound fraction and bound fraction, identifying and quantifying the abundance of the structures, e.g., attribute, present on a species of the therapeutic protein or target.

Provided herein are methods of identifying structures, e.g., attributes, of a therapeutic protein or a target that affect an interaction between the therapeutic protein and the target. In exemplary embodiments, the method comprises: (a) applying a stress to a first sample comprising therapeutic proteins or targets; (b) contacting the first sample with a second sample comprising targets or therapeutic proteins to form a mixture comprising (i) therapeutic protein-target complexes, (ii) unbound therapeutic proteins, and (iii) unbound targets; and (c) separating the mixture into at least two fractions, wherein an unbound fraction comprises unbound therapeutic proteins or unbound targets and a bound fraction comprises therapeutic protein-target complexes; and (d) for each of the unbound fraction and bound fraction, identifying and quantifying the abundance of the structures, e.g., attribute, present on a species of the therapeutic protein or target.

Methods of determining infection type are disclosed. In one embodiment, the method comprises measuring the amount of TRAIL and/or IP10 no more than two days from symptom onset.

Methods of determining infection type are disclosed. In one embodiment, the method comprises measuring the amount of TRAIL and/or IP10 no more than two days from symptom onset.

A linker molecule and method for treating a substrate surface is provided, which includes a linker molecule with a plurality of moieties capable of resisting non-specific binding of proteins whilst permitting specific binding of a target biomolecule or a biomolecule of interest, including antibodies.

A linker molecule and method for treating a substrate surface is provided, which includes a linker molecule with a plurality of moieties capable of resisting non-specific binding of proteins whilst permitting specific binding of a target biomolecule or a biomolecule of interest, including antibodies.

In one aspect, a sensor for detecting hemoglobin protein (e.g., human hemoglobin protein) in a sample is disclosed, which includes a graphene layer, a plurality of binding agents coupled to said graphene layer to generate a functionalized graphene layer, where the binding agents exhibit specific binding to a hemoglobin protein (e.g., to human hemoglobin protein) and a plurality of electrical conductors electrically coupled to said functionalized graphene layer for measuring an electrical property (e.g., DC electrical resistance) of said functionalized graphene layer. While in some embodiments such binding agents are monoclonal antibodies, in other embodiments they can be polyclonal antibodies.