The present invention relates to a photovoltaic device (1a) comprising a solar cell unit (2a) including a working electrode comprising a light-absorbing layer (3), a counter electrode including a porous conductive layer (6), and a conducting medium for transferring charges between the counter electrode and the working electrode, and a conductor (7) electrically connected to the porous conductive layer (6). The solar cell unit (2a) comprises at least one adhering layer (8) arranged between the conductor (7) and the porous conductive layer (6) for attaching the conductor to the porous conductive layer. The adhering layer (8) comprises an adhesive and conducting particles distributed in the adhesive so that a conducting network is formed in the adhesive.

The process comprises treating 90-190 g titanium (IV) chloride in 10-100 ml de-ionized water for preparing Titanium cation (Ti.sup.4+); treating 130-275 ml potassium persulfate in 10-100 ml double-distilled water and keeping at constant temperature to obtain sulphate/oxide; dipping substrates into titanium (IV) chloride solution and re-dipping in de-ionized water to remove loosely bonded ions, if could be any; dipping substrates into potassium persulfate solution and re-dipping in de-ionized water to remove loosely bonded ions, if could be any, and keeping at 50-90° C. for complete one cycle; treating obtained Titanium cation (Ti.sup.4+) with sulphate/oxide and obtaining whitish layer on the substrate surface by necked eyes after about 10-15 cycles, suggesting initiation of film formation, wherein the deposition thickness of TiO.sub.2 layer is increased from 0.3-2.0-micron on determined 5-50 deposition cycles; and rinsing deposited films with de-ionized water and air annealed at 400-600° C. temperature to obtain anatase TiO.sub.2.

An electrode (1), the electrode (1) comprises a substrate (4, 5) on which is located a porous layer of a conducting or semi-conducting oxide (6) and having located thereon Ferredoxin NADP Reductase (FNR) (3). The electrode (1) can be used to drive organic synthesis via nicotinamide cofactor regeneration.

The flexible dye-sensitized solar panel with an organic chromophore is formed from an organic chromophore dye in a polymer matrix. The organic chromophore dye is extracted from chard (B. vulgaris subsp. cicla). The polymer matrix may be formed from either poly(vinyl alcohol) or polystyrene. The flexible dye-sensitized solar panel with an organic chromophore is made by preparing a solution of the selected polymer in the dye extracted from the B. vulgaris subsp. cicla. The solution is coated on a glass plate and dried to form a thin film. The thin flexible film is removed from the plate, forming the flexible dye-sensitized solar panel with an organic chromophore.

A solar cell 100 includes a substrate 1, a first electrode 6, an electron transport layer 2, a first photoelectric conversion layer 3, and a coating layer 5. The first photoelectric conversion layer 3 is disposed between the first electrode 6 and the substrate 1. The substrate 1 has a first main surface and a second main surface, and the second main surface has an uneven structure. The electron transport layer 2 has a first main surface and a second main surface, and the first main surface and the second main surface each have an uneven structure. The first photoelectric conversion layer 3 has a first main surface and a second main surface. The second main surface of the substrate 1 faces the first main surface of the electron transport layer 2.

An electrolytic solution comprising N-(fluorosulfonyl)-N-(fluoroalkylsulfonyl)imide or di(fluorosulfonyl)imide, from which a residual solvent that affects the properties of the electrolyte solution material is reduced, is provided. A method for producing an electrolyte solution material containing fluorosulfonyl imide salt represented by the following general formula (1) and an electrolyte solution preparation solvent comprises decompressing and/or heating a solution containing the fluorosulfonyl imide salt and the electrolyte solution preparation solvent to volatilize a production solvent for the fluorosulfonyl imide salt. ##STR00001## In general formula (1), R.sub.1 represents a fluorine atom or a fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, R.sub.2 represents an alkali metal ion.

Provided is a method of manufacturing an electrolyte for dye-sensitized solar cells, the method including: preparing a hydrogel membrane; immersing the hydrogel membrane in an electrolyzing solution containing iodine or iodide such that the hydrogel membrane is impregnated with iodide ions; and drying the hydrogel membrane.

The invention pertains to a process for the manufacture of a fluoropolymer film, to the fluoropolymer film obtainable therefrom and to use of said fluoropolymer film in electrochemical and photo-electrochemical devices.

The present invention relates to a method for laminating solar cell modules comprising a plurality of solar cells electrically connected in series. The method comprises: providing a first and a second flexible substrate portion suitable for roll-to-roll deposition; providing a plurality of first electronic conductors on said first substrate portion and a plurality of second electrodes on said second substrate portion, wherein said plurality of first and second electrodes are provided as stripes spatially separated such that a plurality of gaps is formed; depositing an electronic conductor on one end of the first and second electrodes and depositing a continuous or discontinuous active layer on said plurality of first electrodes or said plurality of second electrodes, wherein said continuous or discontinuous active layer is an organic active layer; laminating by means of heat and pressure said first and said second substrate portions together in a roll-to-roll process such that the electronic conductors are brought into physical contact with the respective electronic conductor arranged on the opposite substrate, and that the active layer is brought into physical contact with the other one of said plurality first electrodes or said plurality of second electrodes and such that the active layer is brought into electrical contact with said plurality of first electrodes and said plurality of second electrodes. The plurality of first electrodes is arranged off-set relative said plurality of second electrodes such that each of said plurality of gaps between said plurality of second electrodes are partly or fully covered at least in one direction by respective one of said plurality of first electrodes. The present invention also relates to a solar cell module.

A photoelectric conversion element including: a first substrate; a first electrode; a photoelectric conversion layer; a second electrode; and a second substrate, wherein the photoelectric conversion element includes a sealing part sealing at least the photoelectric conversion layer, the sealing part is disposed so as to surround periphery of the photoelectric conversion layer, and a width of the sealing part disposed at each side has a minimum width A and a maximum width B in a width direction, and a ratio (B/A) of the maximum width B to the minimum width A is 1.02 or more but 5.0 or less.