The electrode (10) includes an electrically conductive surface (14) with a galvanic pellicle, or carbon nanotube mat (18), secured to the conductive surface (14). The pellicle (18) has a first surface (20) and an opposed outer surface (22) and defines an uncompressed thickness dimension (24) as a longest length of a straight axis (26) extending from the first surface (20) to the outer surface (22) of an uncompressed section (28) of the galvanic pellicle (18). Uncompressed sections (28) of the pellicle are defined between connected areas (30) and continuous connected areas (32) of the pellicle (18). Any point (35) within any uncompressed section (28) is no more distant from one of a nearest connected area (30) and/or a nearest segment (34) of a continuous connected area (32) than about ten times the uncompressed thickness dimension (24) of the pellicle (18), thereby achieving significantly reduced contact resistance.

An electrochemical device includes an electrochemical cell and an electric circuit. The electrochemical cell comprises a first solid component and a second solid component. The two solid components comprise same chemical elements but have different concentrations of at least one type of the chemical elements. A solid electrolyte is arranged between the two solid components. The solid electrolyte is a dielectric material. The electric circuit is connected to the electrochemical cell. The electrochemical cell may be operated according to a redox process, so as to exchange chemical elements of the at least one type between the first solid component and the second solid component and thereby change an electrical conductance of each of the two solid components.

Described herein is an aqueous aluminum ion battery featuring an aluminum or aluminum alloy/composite anode, an aqueous electrolyte, and a manganese oxide, aluminosilicate or polymer-based cathode. The battery operates via an electrochemical reaction that entails an actual transport of aluminum ions between the anode and cathode. The compositions and structures described herein allow the aqueous aluminum ion battery described herein to achieve: (1) improved charge storage capacity; (2) improved gravimetric and/or volumetric energy density; (3) increased rate capability and power density (ability to charge and discharge in shorter times); (4) increased cycle life; (5) increased mechanical strength of the electrode; (6) improved electrochemical stability of the electrodes; (7) increased electrical conductivity of the electrodes, and (8) improved ion diffusion kinetics in the electrodes as well as the electrolyte.

Disclosed are electrolyte compositions for electrochemical devices, where the electrolyte compositions comprise a microemulsion and where the microemulsion comprises an aqueous phase and a water-immiscible phase. Also disclosed are microemulsion electrolyte compositions for electrically rechargeable electrochemical energy storage devices, including ion batteries (such as lithium ion, sodium ion, magnesium ion, calcium ion, and aluminium ion batteries), redox flow batteries and supercapacitors.

Provided is an electrolytic capacitor that can reliably exhibit redox capacity due to a conductive polymer layer of a cathode. The electrolytic capacitor includes: a cathode having a conductive substrate and a conductive polymer layer placed on the surface of the conductive substrate; an anode having a substrate composed of a valve metal and a dielectric layer composed of an oxide of the valve metal that is placed on the surface of the substrate, the anode being disposed such that the dielectric layer and the conductive polymer layer of the cathode are opposed to each other across a space; and an ion conductive electrolyte with which the space is filled, the conductive polymer layer of the cathode that is in contact with the ion conductive electrolyte exhibiting a redox capacity due to application of a voltage between the anode and the cathode, wherein the contact resistance between the conductive substrate and the conductive polymer layer in the cathode is 1 Ωcm.sup.2 or less.

A capacitor and supercapacitor design are based on metal-foam electrodes. An electrolytic capacitor has a metal foam dielectric (e.g., aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, iron oxide, or others). An electric double-layer supercapacitor has an electrode with metal foam (e.g., copper, nickel, titanium, iron, steel alloy, or aluminum) filled with activated carbon, or graphene, or metal foam with activated carbon foam, or any combination of these to enhance the electrical conductivity and thus the power and capacity of the cell. A pseudocapacitor device has an electrode with metal foam (e.g., iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, titanium, aluminum, magnesium, tin, manganese, and stainless steel, and their alloy foams) coated with an oxide- or hydroxide-based material containing highly active zones. The pseudocapacitor metal-foam electrode can also be filled with activated carbon in the form of a slurry to further enhance its capacity.

The present disclosure relates to electroactive materials that are useful for secondary battery electrode materials and the secondary battery device including thereof. Further, the disclosure relates to cathode and anode materials obtained via the polymerization of triptycene-based organic molecules having one or more arylene diimide groups attached forming a crosslinked network.

The present disclosure relates to electroactive materials that are useful for secondary battery electrode materials and the secondary battery device including thereof. Further, the disclosure relates to cathode and anode materials obtained via the polymerization of triptycene-based organic molecules having one or more arylene diimide groups attached forming a crosslinked network.

A conductive material including a plurality of particles, the plurality of particles including at least a first particle having: a layered material including one or plural layers, wherein the one or plural layers include a layer body represented by M.sub.mX.sub.n (where M is at least one metal of Group 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7, X is a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, or a combination thereof, n is not less than 1 and not more than 4, and m is more than n but not more than 5), and a modifier or terminal T (where T is at least one selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, an oxygen atom, and a hydrogen atom) existing on a surface of the layer body; and a metal material at least partially covering the layered material.

A flexible energy storage device with a redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte is provided. The flexible energy storage device can include a pair of electrodes separated by the redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte. The redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte can include a polymer hydrogel, charge balancing anions and redox-active transition metal cations at least one selected from the group consisting of vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, and copper. The flexible energy storage device may retain greater than 75% of an unbent specific capacitance when bent at an angle of 10° to 170°.