A lead-acid battery is disclosed. The battery comprises a container with a cover having one or more compartments. One or more cell elements are provided in the one or more compartments. The cell elements comprise a positive electrode and a negative electrode. The positive electrode has a positive current collector and a positive electrochemically active material in contact therewith. The negative electrode has a negative current collector and a negative electrochemically active material in contact therewith. At least one of the positive electrode or the negative electrode comprises a cured carbon or carbonized fiber mat current collector impregnated with the respective electrochemically active material. The cured carbon or carbonized fiber mat current collector comprises a frame member composed of a lead-calcium alloy. Electrolyte is provided within the container. One or more terminal posts extend from the container or the cover and are electrically coupled to the cell elements.

A hydrogen electrode includes: a first layer; and a second layer located on the side of the electrolyte membrane relative to the first layer. The first layer is formed of a sintered body of a first metal and a first oxide. The second layer is formed of a sintered body of a second metal and a second oxide different from the first oxide. The first metal and the second metal each are a single metal of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu or an alloy of the element. The first oxide is zirconia stabilized with an oxide of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Y, Sc, Ca, and Mg. The second oxide is ceria doped with an oxide of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Sm, Gd, and Y.

Methods and systems for the electrochemical conversion of halogenated compounds are provided. In some embodiments, a method comprises converting a halogenated compound (e.g., fluorinated gas) to relatively non-hazardous products via one or more electrochemical reactions. The electrochemical reaction(s) may occur under relatively mild conditions (e.g., low temperature) and/or without the aid of a catalyst. In some embodiments, the electrochemical reaction may produce a relatively large amount of energy. In some such cases, systems, described herein, may be designed to facilitate the conversion of the halogenated compound (e.g., SF6, NF3) while harnessing (e.g., storing, converting) the energy associated with the electrochemical reaction. System and methods described herein may be used in a wide variety of applications, including waste management (e.g., environmental remediation, greenhouse gas mitigation), energy recovery (e.g., industrial energy recovery), and primary batteries (e.g., metal-gas batteries).

The present disclosure is a method for manufacturing a catalyst for a fuel cell using the blood of slaughtered livestock. The method for manufacturing a catalyst for a fuel cell using the blood of slaughtered livestock of the present disclosure allows preparation of a catalyst for a fuel cell exhibiting high redox reaction activity and very superior durability as compared to a commercially available platinum catalyst through a very simple process of purification of the blood of slaughtered livestock and hydrothermal synthesis. In addition, the method is very economical in that a catalyst is prepared using the pure blood of livestock only without an artificial additive, waste disposal cost can be reduced by recycling the blood of livestock and a high-performance catalyst capable of replacing the expensive platinum catalyst can be prepared.

The present invention relates to a method of coating one or more metal components of a fuel cell stack, such as a bipolar plate, an electrode, gaskets etc., the method comprising the steps of providing an uncoated metal component; etching said uncoated metal component; optionally depositing an adhesion layer on the etched uncoated metal component; and depositing a carbon coating on either the adhesion layer or on the etched uncoated metal component, with the adhesion layer and the carbon coating respectively being deposited by means of one of a physical vapor deposition process, an arc ion plating process, a sputtering process, and a Hipims process. The invention further relates to a component of a fuel cell stack and to an apparatus for coating one or more components of a fuel cell stack.

An array includes a support substrate, surface structures protruding from a surface of the support substrate formed from or coated with a first material, a second material deposited on at least some of the surface structures such that the second material is in contact with the first material; and wherein the first material, the second material or the first and second material is conducting or semiconducting, and wherein the first and second material at least partially form a composite.

A membrane electrode assembly of an electrochemical device includes a proton conductive solid electrolyte membrane and an electrode including Ni and an electrolyte material which contains as a primary component, at least one of a first compound having a composition represented by BaZr.sub.1-x1M.sup.1.sub.x1O.sub.3 (M.sup.1 represents at least one element selected from trivalent elements each having an ion radius of more than 0.720 A° to less than 0.880 A°, and 0<x.sub.1<1 holds) and a second compound having a composition represented by BaZr.sub.1-x2Tm.sub.x2O.sub.3 (0<x.sub.2<0.3 holds).

A catalyst laminate includes a plurality of catalyst layers containing at least one of a noble metal and an oxide of the noble metal and at least one of a non-noble metal and an oxide of the non-noble metal, including: two or more first catalyst layers and two or more second catalyst layers. In an atomic percent of the noble metal obtained by using a line analysis by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in a thickness direction of the catalyst laminate. The first catalyst layer is less than an average of a highest value and a lowest value of the atomic percent of the noble metal. The second catalyst layer has an atomic percent of the noble metal equal to or greater than the average of the highest value and the lowest value thereof. The second catalyst layer is present between the first catalyst layers.

The invention provides an air electrode material powder for solid oxide fuel cells, comprising particles of a perovskite composite oxide represented by the general formula ABO3, and comprising La and Sr as the A-site elements, and Co and Fe as the B-site elements.

Disclosed is a method of manufacturing a solid oxide fuel cell using a calendering process. The method includes preparing a stack including an anode support layer (ASL) and an anode functional layer (AFL), calendering the stack to obtain an anode, stacking an electrolyte layer on the anode to obtain an assembly, calendering the assembly to obtain an electrolyte substrate, sintering the electrolyte substrate, and forming a cathode on the electrolyte layer of the electrolyte substrate.