An impurity processing device is a device for processing metal impurities contained in a solid-liquid mixture for forming an electrode of an electric storage device, and includes a first electrode and a second electrode that apply an electric field to the solid-liquid mixture, and a power supply that causes a current of 0.1 mA or more to flow between the first electrode and the second electrode.

Disclosed herein are materials and processes for production of lithium oxide materials, such as lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO), having a small particle size and high density for use in lithium-ion batteries. Some embodiments are directed to forming and then heating a multiphase material comprising lithium carbonate and La.sub.2Zr.sub.2O.sub.7 in the presence of hydrogen gas at a temperature below the melting point of the lithium carbonate, such that at least a portion of the lithium carbonate decomposes to form lithium oxide. In some embodiments, the lithium oxide is heated to a temperature sufficient to crystallize the lithium oxide to form the solid electrolyte material comprising lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO) particles.

A main object of the present disclosure is to provide a liquid electrolyte in which concentration of active fluoride ion is high. The present disclosure achieves the object by providing a liquid electrolyte to be used in a fluoride ion battery, the liquid electrolyte comprising: a potassium fluoride; an alkali metal amide salt including a cation of an alkali metal and an amide anion; and a glyme represented by a general formula R.sup.1—O(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.n—R.sup.2, in which R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is each independently an alkyl group including 4 or less carbon atoms or a fluoroalkyl group including 4 or less carbon atoms, and n is within a range of 2 to 10.

A main object of the present disclosure is to provide a liquid electrolyte in which concentration of active fluoride ion is high. The present disclosure achieves the object by providing a liquid electrolyte to be used in a fluoride ion battery, the liquid electrolyte comprising: a potassium fluoride; an alkali metal amide salt including a cation of an alkali metal and an amide anion; and a glyme represented by a general formula R.sup.1—O(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.n—R.sup.2, in which R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is each independently an alkyl group including 4 or less carbon atoms or a fluoroalkyl group including 4 or less carbon atoms, and n is within a range of 2 to 10.

To provide a composition containing a sulfonylimide salt, which has excellent storage stability even at a high temperature and can be used for an electrolytic solution material or an electrolytic solution. The composition contains an electrolyte, a solvent, and an anion component. The electrolyte contains a sulfonylimide salt, the anion component contains an acid component having an acid-dissociation constant pKa (an acid-dissociation constant pKa1 in a first stage for a plurality of ionized acids) of 0 or more and 6.5 or less at a concentration of 50 ppm or more and 10000 ppm or less relative to the electrolyte, a concentration of fluoride ion is 100 ppm or less relative to the electrolyte, and a concentration of sulfate ion is 100 ppm or less relative to the electrolyte.

Some embodiments include an electrolyte composition for a battery using sodium ions as electrochemical vector, to the use of such an electrolyte composition as non-aqueous liquid electrolyte in a sodium-ion battery and to a sodium-ion battery comprising such a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte. In some embodiments, the amount of (oxalato)borate ranges from 0.05 to 10 wt. %, relative to the total weight of the electrolyte composition.

A system and method for optimizing electrochemical cells including electrodes employing coordination compounds by mediating water content within a desired water content profile that includes sufficient coordinated water and reduces non-coordinated water below a desired target and with electrochemical cells including a coordination compound electrochemically active in one or more electrodes, with an improvement in electrochemical cell manufacture that relaxes standards for water content of electrochemical cells having one or more electrodes including one or more such transition metal cyanide coordination compounds.

The invention relates to an acrylonitrile copolymer binder and application thereof in lithium ion battery, belonging to the field of lithium ion battery. The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide an acrylonitrile copolymer binder comprising the following structural units in percentage by weight: 78-95% of acrylonitrile unit, 1-10% of acrylic ester unit and 2-15% of acrylamide unit. For the binder of the invention, acrylonitrile monomer is taken as the main body, and acrylic ester monomer, acrylamide monomer or acrylate salt monomer with strong polarity is added to acrylonitrile for copolymerization to enable the flexibility of a polymer membrane, the affinity of an electrolyte and the proper swelling degree in the electrolyte while keeping strong adhesion or intermolecular force of acrylonitrile polymer molecules, so as to fit the periodic volume changes of electrode active materials along with lithium ion intercalation/deintercalation in charging and discharging processes, thereby improving the energy density and cycle performance of the lithium ion battery.

A modular flow battery includes a battery stack container housing a plurality of redox flow battery stacks in fluid communication with at least one pair of electrolyte containers including an anolyte container for holding an anolyte and a catholyte container for holding a catholyte. Additional pairs of electrolyte containers can be connected to the battery stack container to increase an amount of energy that can be stored by the modular flow battery system. Respective housings enclosing each of the battery stack container and the electrolyte containers are configured for operation in a stacked configuration. In this manner, the energy storage capacity of the modular flow battery system can be further increased with substantially no increase in a lateral area occupied by the system.

A modular flow battery includes a battery stack container housing a plurality of redox flow battery stacks in fluid communication with at least one pair of electrolyte containers including an anolyte container for holding an anolyte and a catholyte container for holding a catholyte. Additional pairs of electrolyte containers can be connected to the battery stack container to increase an amount of energy that can be stored by the modular flow battery system. Respective housings enclosing each of the battery stack container and the electrolyte containers are configured for operation in a stacked configuration. In this manner, the energy storage capacity of the modular flow battery system can be further increased with substantially no increase in a lateral area occupied by the system.