A reversible superconducting circuit includes a plurality of Josephson transmission lines. A first line is configured to transmit a control fluxon when a first input is active. A second line is configured to transmit a target fluxon to one of a third and a fourth line. The circuit is configured to transmit the fluxons at substantially the same time. The second line is configured to transmit the target fluxon to the third line, due to an interaction between the control fluxon and the target fluxon, only if the control fluxon is transmitted at substantially the same time as the target fluxon. The second line is configured to transmit the target fluxon to the fourth line, due to following an adiabatic trajectory, only if no control fluxon is transmitted at substantially the same time as the target fluxon.

Apparatuses including integrated circuit (IC) optical assemblies and processes for fabrication of IC optical assemblies are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the IC optical assemblies include an optical transmitter component electrically coupled to a first portion of a packaging substrate. The IC optical assemblies further include an optical transmitter driver component between the optical transmitter component and a second portion of the packaging substrate, wherein a first side of the optical transmitter driver component is electrically coupled to the optical transmitter component. The IC optical assemblies further include a plurality of bumps between a second side of the optical transmitter driver component and proximate the second portion of the packaging substrate, wherein the plurality of bumps are not directly coupled to the optical transmitter driver component.

A laser for emitting simultaneously a first and second laser lights having respectively first and second wavelength differing from each other. The laser comprises: an optical resonator defining a first optical path and a second optical path, the first laser light travelling along the first optical path and the second laser light travelling along the second optical path; a modulated gain element inserted in the optical resonator for amplifying the first and second laser lights as the first and second laser lights propagate in the optical resonator respectively along the first and second optical paths, the modulated gain element having a variable gain modulated with a modulation period, round trip times of the first and second laser lights along respectively the first and second optical paths being respective integer multiples of the modulation period; and an output port for releasing the first and second laser lights from the optical resonator.

In a solid-state laser device and a photoacoustic measurement device including the solid-state laser device, the distance between a laser rod and a flash lamp is narrowed. A shielding lid shields mirrors and an optical path of laser light from the outside. A first portion of a frame body of a laser chamber is exposed from the shielding lid. A flash lamp stored in the frame body of the laser chamber is able to be removed from and inserted into the first portion of the frame body. A thin film portion having a thickness smaller than the thickness of other portions of the shielding lid is provided in at least a part of a region of the shielding lid covering the optical path of a light beam on the outside in a longitudinal direction from the first portion of the frame body of the laser chamber.

A high air-tightness device is provided with a bottom plate (1), a frame body wall (2) and a shell body cover (3). The materials of said parts are one and more of metal, glass and ceramic, and the junctions among the parts are sealed by extruding a hollow-core metal sealing ring (12) by thread. The device is provided with one and more of a window glass (17), a pipeline (10), a pipeline interface, an openable and closable valve (11), an electrode communicating inside with outside and a threaded opening, and the device is connected and sealed by extruding the hollow-core metal sealing ring using the internal or external threaded part to move straight or rotate; or the device is pre-sealing formed by one and more of a metal solder welding processing technique, a metal welding processing technique, a glass welding processing technique and a sintering ceramic formed processing technique. The materials of each part for isolating inside from outside during the sealing are one and more of metal, glass and ceramic. Vacuum, special gas and liquid can be sealed within the high air-tightness device for a long time. The high air-tightness device is easy to be opened and re-sealed, and has easy maintenance and low cost.

A high air-tightness device is provided with a bottom plate (1), a frame body wall (2) and a shell body cover (3). The materials of said parts are one and more of metal, glass and ceramic, and the junctions among the parts are sealed by extruding a hollow-core metal sealing ring (12) by thread. The device is provided with one and more of a window glass (17), a pipeline (10), a pipeline interface, an openable and closable valve (11), an electrode communicating inside with outside and a threaded opening, and the device is connected and sealed by extruding the hollow-core metal sealing ring using the internal or external threaded part to move straight or rotate; or the device is pre-sealing formed by one and more of a metal solder welding processing technique, a metal welding processing technique, a glass welding processing technique and a sintering ceramic formed processing technique. The materials of each part for isolating inside from outside during the sealing are one and more of metal, glass and ceramic. Vacuum, special gas and liquid can be sealed within the high air-tightness device for a long time. The high air-tightness device is easy to be opened and re-sealed, and has easy maintenance and low cost.

A laser device may include a chamber accommodating a pair of discharge electrodes, a grating provided outside the chamber, first beam-expanding optics provided between the chamber and the grating and configured to expand a beam width of light outputted from the chamber at least in a first direction perpendicular to a direction of discharge between the pair of discharge electrodes, and second beam-expanding optics having a plurality of prisms provided between the chamber and the grating, the second beam-expanding optics being configured to expand a beam width of light outputted from the chamber at least in a second direction parallel to the direction of discharge between the pair of discharge electrodes.

A solid-state laser active medium comprising an optical gain material; a heat sink, wherein the heat sink is transparent, in particular over a wavelength range of 200 nm to 4000 nm, preferably with an absorption coefficient of <1 cm.sup.−1; the heat sink having a high thermal conductivity, in particular ≧149 W/(m*K); wherein the optical gain material and the heat sink exhibit a root-mean square, RMS, surface roughness of <1 nm; wherein the optical gain material is attached to the transparent heat sink by direct bonding.

A two-dimensional photonic crystal surface emitting laser capable of improving characteristics of light to be emitted, particularly optical output , which includes: a two-dimensional photonic crystal including a plate-shaped base member and modified refractive index regions where the modified refractive index regions have a refractive index different from that of the plate-shaped base member and are two-dimensionally and periodically arranged in the base member; an active layer provided on one side of the two-dimensional photonic crystal; and a first electrode and a second electrode provided sandwiching the two-dimensional photonic crystal and the active layer for supplying current to the active layer, where the second electrode covers a region equal to or wider than the first electrode, wherein the first electrode is formed so as to supply the current to the active layer with a different density depending on the in-plane position on the first electrode.

A method and device for limiting the deflection of a laser head during temperature changes such that a laser head is usable in applications of laser technology.