This application discloses an information transmission method and apparatus, a communication device, and a readable storage medium, which relate to the technical field of communications. An information transmission method of embodiments of this application includes: sending, by a first communication device, a first message to a second communication device, where the first message includes an information elements container, and the information elements container includes identification information of at least one first information element and content of the at least one first information element.

Systems and methods are described for electronically transmitting adaptively collapsible data across a network, whereby a baseline hierarchy of relationships based on precedence is generated for a set of data fields for data generated at an electrical system, and selecting one or more data fields for inclusion in a transmission package based on the hierarchy of relationships and a configurable condition, the configurable condition serving to potentially collapse (or deprecate) a data field, setting a status subfield to indicate inclusion or exclusion of the data field in a payload region of the transmission package and, when a particular data field is to be omitted, including only the status subfield for that data field and omitting the data corresponding to the data field.

A data operation method for a storage system is applied to a storage system that includes an access node and at least two internet protocol (IP) hard disks, including sending, by the access node, a data migration instruction to a first IP hard disk, where the data migration instruction includes an identifier of a target virtual storage partition, the data migration instruction is used to instruct data in the target virtual storage partition to be migrated to a second IP hard disk; and receiving, by the first IP hard disk, the data migration instruction, reading the data in the target virtual storage partition according to the identifier of the target virtual storage partition, and writing the data in the target virtual storage partition into the second IP hard disk. The present system and method can be applied to migration of data in an IP hard disk.

A packet edit processing method and a device are provided. In an embodiment, the method includes: generating an input packet template based on N to-be-edited protocol header fields of an input packet, and a preset protocol field mapping relationship, where the input packet template includes N protocol descriptors, and the protocol field mapping relationship is a mapping relationship between a protocol field included in a protocol descriptor and a protocol field included in a protocol header field; performing edit processing on the input packet template to obtain an output packet template; and converting, based on the preset protocol field mapping relationship, M protocol descriptors into M protocol header fields of an output packet, and replacing the N protocol header fields in the input packet with the M protocol header fields to obtain the output packet.

Method and apparatuses for constructing a grammar to describe interactions among a plurality of devices in a network are disclosed. An aspect receives, by a network interface of a device, device capabilities of each of the plurality of devices, generates, by a reduced device list generator of the device, a reduced device list representing groupings of the plurality of devices based on the device capabilities, models, by an interaction sequence modeler of the device, one or more sequences of interactions among the plurality of devices using the reduced device list, constructs, by a grammar construction module of the device, the grammar based on the modeled one or more sequences of interactions, and stores the grammar in a memory of the device.

Methods, systems, and devices for determining a subset of user devices from among a complete set of user devices based on a set of received information, i.e., attributes, associated with a photograph or user device that transmitted the photograph and attributes, where the disposition of the information may be used to determine the subset and then perform facial recognition check on the subset of user associated photographs in order to accurately identify each user or users present in the photograph.

A method includes: obtaining first semantic information corresponding to data; converting the first semantic information into second semantic information, where the second semantic information belongs to common semantic information, and the common semantic information is a unified description of same semantics that is provided by different devices; and sending the second semantic information. Based on the method provided in this application, when a semantic extraction model of a transmit device and a semantic understanding model of a receive device are not jointly trained, accuracy of semantic communication between the transmit device and the receive device may be ensured by converting local semantic information into common semantic information.

Systems, methods, and software of performing an Authentication and Key Management for Applications (AKMA) authentication service. In one embodiment, an AKMA element (1200) handles an enriched AKMA Key Identifier (A-KID) (800) having an identifier format with a username (802) and a realm (804) separated by an @-symbol (806). The username includes a Routing Indicator (RID) (812), an AKMA Temporary UE Identifier (A-TID) (814), and at least one supplemental character (810) that distinguishes the RID from the A-TID in the username. The AKMA element performs a function of the AKMA authentication service based on the enriched A-KID.

Embodiments of this application disclose an application layer traffic optimization ALTO protocol-based communication method and a related apparatus. The method includes: An ALTO server sends first information to an ALTO client according to an ALTO protocol, where the first information indicates one or more network services available in a first network, and the first information is used by a first device associated with the ALTO client to obtain the one or more network services. In embodiments of this application, a network service allocation (or network service exposure) interface is provided according to the ALTO protocol. This improves efficiency of system interconnection between an operator and a service provider, reduces difficulty in exposing a network service by the operator, reduces difficulty of network service rollout, and improves timeliness of network service rollout.

Methods, systems, and devices for determining a subset of user devices from among a complete set of user devices based on a set of received information, i.e., attributes associated with a photograph or user device that transmitted the photograph and attributes, where the disposition of the information may be used to determine the subset and then perform facial recognition on the subset of user associated photographs in order to accurately identify each user or users present in the photograph.