A glazing includes a temperature sensing device for measuring the temperature of the glazing. The temperature sensing device is fixed to the glazing through a thermally conductive double-sided tape.

In some examples, an infrared emitter is provided with a heating layer sandwiched by top and bottom optical layers that allow only narrow-band infrared light to pass through. A reflective layer may be further provided below the bottom optical layers. This configuration greatly reduces the energy loss and can be manufactured with simple method and low cost.

A planar heating apparatus includes a substrate, first electrodes on the substrate, second electrodes alternately arranged with the first electrodes, an electrode connector connecting end portions of the first or second electrodes to each other and a power connector connected to the electrode connector and to which a power supply is connected. The power connector extends outside of the substrate.

A heating element includes a first bus bar disposed to receive current from a power source, and a second bus bar non-adjacent to the first bus bar. The heating element further includes a polymer ink section extending between the first and second bus bars, and the section includes a plurality of PTC polymer inks each different from one another. The second bus bar is electrically connected to the first bus bar via the polymer ink section.

A porous body for an electronic vaporization device includes: a first surface; a second surface opposite the first surface; and at least two unit layers sequentially arranged along a direction from the first surface to the second surface, one layer of the at least two unit layers including at least a liquid storage advantage layer or a liquid locking advantage layer, and each other unit layer of the at least two unit layers including a liquid storage advantage layer and a liquid locking advantage layer combined with the liquid storage advantage layer.

Provided is an image forming apparatus including a temperature sensing circuit to which a temperature sensing element is electrically connected, wherein a surface of a heater on a side where the temperature sensing element is provided is in contact with the inner surface of a film, a heating element is provided in a primary side circuit which is electrically connected to a commercial power supply, and the temperature sensing circuit is electrically insulated from both of the primary side circuit and a secondary side circuit which is electrically insulated from the primary side circuit.

Radiant furniture made of a concrete mix includes one or more heating elements or hot water supplied hydronic tubing that provide comfortable radiant heat. Tabletops can be heated to a temperature that is comfortable for people seated at the table. Other tabletops can be heated to a lower temperature for use in a greenhouse. Benches and seats can be heated to provide comfortable heated seating. A heated surface in the radiant furniture includes a conductive heating element that has a plurality of non-overlapping runs, with a density of the heating element runs being greater near the edges than at an interior part of the heated surface. A controller senses the temperature of the furniture and the ambient temperature, then applies power to one or more heating elements in the furniture according to programmed temperature thresholds to provide comfortable radiant heat from the furniture.

Described herein are catalytic heating systems, comprising catalytic reactors and dual-mode fuel evaporators, and methods of operating such systems. A dual-mode fuel evaporator is thermally coupled to a catalytic reactor and comprises an electric heater used for preheating the evaporator to at least a fuel-flow threshold temperature. Upon reaching this threshold, the liquid fuel, such as ethanol or methanol, is flown into the evaporator and evaporates therein, forming vaporized fuel. The vaporized fuel is mixed with oxidant, and the mixture is flown into the catalytic reactor where the vaporized fuel undergoes catalytic exothermic oxidation. At least some heat, generated in the catalytic reactor, is transferred to the evaporator and used for the evaporation of additional fuel. When the evaporator reaches or exceeds its operating threshold, the electric heater can be turned off and all heat is supplied to the evaporator from the catalytic reactor.

A vaporizer cartridge configured to efficiently and effectively heat a non-liquid source material that includes a vaporizable material is described. The cartridge may include a heating element including an electrically resistive material and may be configured to vaporize the vaporizable material by delivery of heat to the vaporizable material. The cartridge may include a cartridge contact in electrical communication with the electrically resistive material. The cartridge contact may be configured to couple to a vaporizer contact positioned proximate to a cartridge coupling feature to allow electrical power to pass from the vaporizer device through the electrically resistive material. The electrical power may cause heating of the electrically resistive material and the vaporizable material to result in generation of an aerosol for inhalation by a user. Related systems, methods, and articles of manufacture are also described.

Provided is an image forming apparatus including a temperature sensing circuit to which a temperature sensing element is electrically connected, wherein a surface of a heater on a side where the temperature sensing element is provided is in contact with the inner surface of a film, a heating element is provided in a primary side circuit which is electrically connected to a commercial power supply, and the temperature sensing circuit is electrically insulated from both of the primary side circuit and a secondary side circuit which is electrically insulated from the primary side circuit.