A vaporizer includes: an infrared radiator for radiating heat; and a vaporization core including an accommodating cavity for accommodating the infrared radiator, the vaporization core having a vaporization surface defining a boundary of the accommodating cavity. An entirety of the vaporization surface is arranged around the infrared radiator. A gap is formed between the vaporization surface and the infrared radiator.

A heater device includes an insulating base material, a heater wire, a temperature detection element, a line and a branch line. The heater wire is provided on the insulating base material, forms a path through which current flows when energized, and generates heat when energized. The temperature detection element is provided on the insulating base material and has an electrical characteristics that change according to temperature. The line is provided on the insulating base material and is electrically connected to the temperature detection element. The branch line is provided on the insulating base material, has one end connected to the heater wire and the other end not connected to the heater wire, and extends around the temperature detection element.

An emitter structure includes a substrate with a membrane arrangement. The membrane arrangement includes at least one first membrane, a first heating path and a second heating path in different substrate planes. The first heating path and the second heating path are positioned with respect to one another such that a projection of the first heating path and a projection of the second heating path onto a common plane lie at least partly next to one another in the common plane.

Systems and methods are provided for controlling infrared radiation (IR) sources of a sauna including tuning IR wavelength-ranges and radiated power-levels of IR sources, and directing IR to locations on a user's body. In one illustrative embodiment, a sauna may be provided having adjustable IR emitters to emit IR at any wavelength resulting in a desirable radiation treatment for the sauna user. In another illustrative embodiment, a method is provided for tuning IR emitters in a sauna.

The present application discloses a high-performance far-infrared surface heating element of carbon composite material and application thereof. The surface heating element comprises: a carbon composite material layer comprising a film-like material consisted of an sp.sup.2 hybrid structure carbon material; and thermal stable electronic insulating layer provided on opposite sides of the carbon composite material layer. The surface heating element of the present application has the characteristics of flexibility, high strength, high stability, high safety, etc., and has excellent flame retardancy, no harmful electromagnetic, no circuit protection module, economical, safe and practical characteristics, and no safety hazard; it can be used as a direct surface heating source in the field of low-voltage electric heating, such as a civil heating device used in the preparation of a floor heating device, an electric heating carpet, an electric heating mattress or a heater, as well as an industrial heating device for lithium battery modules and industrial pipe heating elements.

The invention relates to a heating module and a primary reflector for a heating module of a heating duct of a molding machine for producing containers from preforms, in which preforms made of thermoplastic are heated, which is provided between tubular heating units arranged in parallel and one over another on a side wall of the heating module and the side wall and consists of ceramic material, and is characterized in that the primary reflector is connected via a dovetail connection to the side wall, wherein a connecting region in the form of a dovetail is formed in each case on the reflector, which is fixable in each case with a clip made of steel, in particular spring steel, fastened on the side wall, having dimensions adapted to the dovetail.

An optical system includes at least one optical element which has an optically effective surface and which is designed for an operating wavelength of less than 30 nm. The optical system also includes a heating arrangement for heating this optical element and comprising a plurality of IR emitters for irradiating the optically effective surface with IR radiation. The IR emitters are activatable and deactivatable independently of each other to variably set different heating profiles in the optical element. The optical system further includes at least one beam shaping unit for shaping the beam of the IR radiation steered onto the optically effective surface by the IR emitters. The optical system also includes a multi-fiber head comprising a multi-fiber connector for connecting optical fibers. IR radiation from a respective one of the IR emitters is suppliable by way of each of these optical fibers.

A heater having a cover and a heating element. The heating element is configured to generate heat that is transferred through the cover via radiative heating and/or conductive heating. The cover has a thermal effusivity in a range of about 20-300 Ws.sup.(1-2)/m.sup.2K

A method for surface treatment of a matte tin-plated product, which is configured for heating the matte tin electroplated on a surface of the product into a bright tin. The method for surface treatment includes heating the surface of the matte tin-plated product with infrared rays.

The present application discloses a heater and an aerosol generating device. The heater includes: a base, having an inner surface; an infrared electrothermal coatings, being disposed on the inner surface of the base; a conductive module, comprising a first conductive portion and a second conductive portion arranged on the base, both the first conductive portion and the second conductive portion being electrically connected with the infrared electrothermal coating; wherein each of the first conductive portion and the second conductive portion includes a conductive portion coating section arranged on the inner surface of the base and a conductive portion electrode section arranged on an outer surface of the base.