The present invention concerns a perovskite solar cell provided with a polymer-porous template composite material for absorbing toxic metal ions. Preferably, the porous template material is a metal oxide framework (MOF) material. An example of a preferred polymer-porous template composite material is PDA-Fe-BTC (polydopamine-Fe1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate). In experiments mimicking breakage of the solar cell modules, the presence of the polymer-MOF material was shown to result in the capture of lead and thus to reduced leakage of lead.

A method of forming a photovoltaic device comprising a perovskite photovoltaic cell, particularly a method of forming a perovskite solar cell (PSC), is disclosed having a hole transport layer comprising an additive that may result in one or more of reduced formation of crystalline domains in the hole transport layer; reduced size of pinholes in the hole transport layer; improved dopant homogeneity and increased hydrophobicity of the hole transport layer. Also disclosed are PSCs so formed, showing one or more improved properties.

A solar cell according to the present embodiment may have a tandem structure comprising a photovoltaic part, wherein the photovoltaic part comprises: a first photovoltaic part comprising: a photovoltaic layer composed of a perovskite compound; and a second photovoltaic part comprising a semiconductor substrate. Here, in the second photovoltaic part, a first semiconductor layer and a second semiconductor layer, which are formed separately from the semiconductor substrate on one side or the other side of the semiconductor substrate, may have different structures from each other.

A tandem photovoltaic device includes a silicon photovoltaic cell having a silicon layer, a perovskite photovoltaic cell having a perovskite layer, and an intermediate layer between a rear side of the perovskite photovoltaic cell and a front (sunward) side of the silicon photovoltaic cell. The front side of the silicon layer has a textured surface, with a peak-to-valley height of structures in the textured surface of less than 1 μm or less than 2 μm. The textured surface is planarized by the intermediate layer or a layer of the perovskite photovoltaic cell. Forming the tandem photovoltaic device includes texturing a silicon containing layer of a silicon photovoltaic cell and operatively coupling a perovskite photovoltaic cell comprising a perovskite layer to the silicon photovoltaic cell, thereby forming a tandem photovoltaic device and planarizing the textured surface of the silicon containing layer of the silicon photovoltaic cell.

Provided is a photovoltaic module, including: a substrate, at least one solar cell string and a packaging portion, wherein a bottom of the packaging portion has a packaging slot, the substrate and the at least one solar cell string are arranged in the packaging slot, the at least one solar cell string is arranged on a top surface of the substrate, a packaging gap is formed between a side surface of the substrate and a side surface of the packaging slot, a first packaging layer is arranged in the packaging gap, and the first packaging layer is configured to seal the packaging gap.

Provided is a photovoltaic module, including: a substrate, at least one solar cell string and a packaging portion, wherein a bottom of the packaging portion has a packaging slot, the substrate and the at least one solar cell string are arranged in the packaging slot, the at least one solar cell string is arranged on a top surface of the substrate, a packaging gap is formed between a side surface of the substrate and a side surface of the packaging slot, a first packaging layer is arranged in the packaging gap, and the first packaging layer is configured to seal the packaging gap.

Provided are an inverted thick 2D hybrid perovskite solar cell insensitive to film thickness and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the field of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite materials. The solar cell adopts a 2D hybrid perovskite thick-film material as a light absorption layer having thickness in a range of 500-800 nm, which is conducive to the full absorption of sunlight. The thick-film film material can be deposited from a precursor solution added with guanidine hydroiodide, and is composed of large grains growing along the thickness direction. The solar cell with an inverted structure prepared by using the thick-film material as a light absorption layer has an efficiency fluctuation less than 5% in a film thickness range of 500-800 nm. This is of great value for the preparation of high-performance hybrid perovskite solar cells by a large-area solution method.

A polymer solar cell including a cathode buffer layer (CBL) is proposed. the CBL may include a reaction product between a conjugate polymer electrolyte and an acid derivative, the conjugate polymer electrolyte is poly [(9,9-bis 3′-(N,N-dimethylamino) propyl)-2,7-fluorene)-alt-2,7-(9,9-dihexylfluorene)] (PFN), and the acid derivative is trifluoroacetic acid (CF3AA), 4-trifluoromethyl benzoic acid (CF3BA), or 4-toluene sulfonic acid (TsOH). The CBL including the conjugate polymer electrolyte (PFN) modified with a specific acid derivative may improve short-circuit current (J.sub.sc) and a filling factor (FF) simultaneously, and thus, significantly improved efficiency is exhibited.

A polymer solar cell including a cathode buffer layer (CBL) is proposed. the CBL may include a reaction product between a conjugate polymer electrolyte and an acid derivative, the conjugate polymer electrolyte is poly [(9,9-bis 3′-(N,N-dimethylamino) propyl)-2,7-fluorene)-alt-2,7-(9,9-dihexylfluorene)] (PFN), and the acid derivative is trifluoroacetic acid (CF3AA), 4-trifluoromethyl benzoic acid (CF3BA), or 4-toluene sulfonic acid (TsOH). The CBL including the conjugate polymer electrolyte (PFN) modified with a specific acid derivative may improve short-circuit current (J.sub.sc) and a filling factor (FF) simultaneously, and thus, significantly improved efficiency is exhibited.

Disclosed are vapor transport deposition systems and methods for alternating sequential vapor transport deposition of multi-component perovskite thin-films. The systems include multiple vaporizing sources that are mechanically or digitally controlled for high throughput deposition. Alternating sequential deposition provides faster sequential deposition, and allows for reduced material degradation due to different vapor temperatures.