High-performance perovskite solar cell (PSC) devices, arrays thereof, and modules manufactured on flexible and stretchable substrates using roll-to-roll high throughput manufacturing techniques. The flexible cells can be cut into strips and are connected via flexible and/or stretchable interconnects. The interconnect can be a layer deposited on a wavy surface of the stretchable substrate, a coiled or hinged wire, or a conductive paste that can be deformed prior to curing. The highly deformable solar modules can conform to complex organic contours and shapes, such as those that are common in vehicle designs. Such shapes typically require at least one axis of flex and at least one axis of stretch.

A perovskite material that has a perovskite crystal lattice having a formula of C.sub.xM.sub.yX.sub.z, where x, y, and z, are real numbers, and 1,4-diammonium butane cation cations disposed within or at a surface of the perovskite crystal lattice. C comprises one or more cations selected from the group consisting of Group 1 metals, Group 2 metals, ammonium, formamidinium, guanidinium, and ethene tetramine. M comprises one or more metals each selected from the group consisting of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Fe, Cd, Co, Ni, Cu, Ag, Au, Hg, Sn, Ge, Ga, Pb, In, Tl, Sb, Bi, Ti, Zn, Cd, Hg, and Zr and combinations thereof. X comprises one or more anions each selected from the group consisting of halides, sulfides, selenides, and combinations thereof.

A perovskite material that has a perovskite crystal lattice having a formula of C.sub.xM.sub.yX.sub.z, and alkyl polyammonium cations disposed within or at a surface of the perovskite crystal lattice; wherein x, y, and z, are real numbers; C comprises one or more cations selected from the group consisting of Group 1 metals, Group 2 metals, ammonium, formamidinium, guanidinium, and ethene tetramine; M comprises one or more metals each selected from the group consisting of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Fe, Cd, Co, Ni, Cu, Ag, Au, Hg, Sn, Ge, Ga, Pb, In, Tl, Sb, Bi, Ti, Zn, Cd, Hg, and Zr, and combinations thereof and X comprises one or more anions each selected from the group consisting of halides, pseudohalides, chalcogenides, and combinations thereof.

A photovoltaic device having a perovskite PV cell wherein the PV device operates, for example during start-up, initially in a bias-voltage operating mode, in which a bias voltage is applied to the perovskite PV cell of the PV device. The bias voltage or the energy needed for same can advantageously be drawn from the power electronics associated with the perovskite PV cell.

A light-emitting device includes a light-emitting element which emits ultraviolet light, and a fluorescent layer provided on the light-emitting element. The fluorescent layer includes fluorescent particles. The fluorescent particles are excited by the ultraviolet light emitted by the light-emitting element and the excited fluorescent particles emit ultraviolet light of a wavelength longer than the ultraviolet light emitted by the light-emitting element.

An organic device includes at least one electrode, an insulating layer adjacent to the at least one electrode in a plan view, and an organic layer that is continuously in contact with an upper surface of the at least one electrode and an upper surface of the insulating layer. The organic layer contains a polymer of an organic material. The organic material contains a basic molecular skeleton and a polymerizable functional group. In the polymer, the organic material is polymerized through the polymerizable functional group.

Disclosed are a solar cell cutting and passivation integrated processing method and a solar cell prepared using the method. The solar cell includes a substrate (1), a front electrode layer (2), a light absorption layer (3) and a back electrode layer (4) from bottom to top. Before laser structured cutting is performed for the back electrode layer (4), a protective layer (5) is disposed on a surface of the back electrode layer (4), and then laser structured cutting is performed for the back electrode layer (4), or the back electrode layer (4) and the light absorption layer (3) simultaneously through the protective layer (5) to obtain a corresponding structured trench (P3) while the protective layer (5) is kept from being cut by laser, and a material of the protective layer (5) is partially molten due to a localized high temperature generated by the laser processing in a laser structured cutting process and infiltrates into an underlying corresponding structured trench (P3). In this method, at the time of performing laser cutting processing, passivation is performed for newly-processed trench at the same time, reducing production costs, saving processing time. Further, the trench edges after cutting are repaired to improve the morphology of the processed trench, improving the stability of the cell and extending the service life of the cell.

In accordance with a method of forming a halide perovskite thin film, a first halide perovskite material is chosen from which a halide perovskite thin film is to be formed. An epitaxial substrate formed from a second halide perovskite material is also chosen. The halide perovskite thin film is epitaxially formed on the substrate from the first halide perovskite material. The substrate is chosen such that the halide perovskite thin film formed on the substrate has a selected value of at least one property. The property is selected from the group including crystal structure stability, charge carrier mobility and band gap.

A method for constructing a solar rectenna array by growing carbon nanotube antennas between lines of metal, and subsequently applying a bias voltage on the carbon nanotube antennas to convert the diodes on the tips of the carbon nanotube antennas from metal oxide carbon diodes to geometric diodes. Techniques for preserving the converted diodes by adding additional oxide are also described.

According to one embodiment, a radiation detector includes a first member including a scintillator layer, an organic member including an organic semiconductor layer, and a first conductive layer. The first conductive layer includes a first conductive region and a second conductive region. A second direction from the first conductive region toward the second conductive region crosses a first direction from the organic member toward the first member. A first portion of the organic member is between the first conductive region and the second conductive region in the second direction.