A porous microsphere and a method for preparing the same includes the following steps. A copolymer having a vinylbenzyl chloride unit and a vinylbenzyl alcohol unit is dissolved in an organic solvent, and inorganic particles are dispersed in the organic solvent to form a mixed suspension. An aqueous solution containing a surfactant is provided. The mixed suspension is emulsified in the aqueous solution to form an emulsion. The emulsion is heated to evaporate the organic solvent to obtain inorganic-composite porous microspheres suspended in water. The copolymer in the formed porous microspheres can be further carbonized or removed to produce inorganic-based porous microspheres containing carbon or not containing carbon.

Photovoltaic devices having photoactive layers coupled to buffer layers are disclosed. Such devices may be transparent to visible light but absorb near-infrared light and/or ultraviolet light. The photovoltaic devices may include a p-phenylene layer that acts as a buffer layer. The photovoltaic devices may include one or more photoactive layers. The one or more photoactive layers may include a single planar heterojunction, a single bulk heterojunction (BHJ), or multiple stacked BHJs that have complementary absorption characteristics, among other possibilities.

An organic electroluminescent device and a display apparatus. The organic electroluminescent device includes a light-emitting layer, including a triplet-triplet annihilation type host and a fluorescent dye, where the fluorescent dye has a structure represented by the following Formula (1) or Formula (2). When the fluorescent dye in the light-emitting layer of the organic electroluminescent device combines with the triplet-triplet annihilation type host, the voltage of the device can be reduced, and the luminescence efficiency of the device can be improved.

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An organic electroluminescent device and a display apparatus. The organic electroluminescent device includes a light-emitting layer, including a triplet-triplet annihilation type host and a fluorescent dye, where the fluorescent dye has a structure represented by the following Formula (1) or Formula (2). When the fluorescent dye in the light-emitting layer of the organic electroluminescent device combines with the triplet-triplet annihilation type host, the voltage of the device can be reduced, and the luminescence efficiency of the device can be improved.

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The present invention provides a light-transmitting electrode which has high electrical conductivity and high electron blocking performance. The present invention also provides a solar cell which is capable of achieving high energy conversion efficiency at low cost. The present invention provides a method for producing a light-transmitting electrode that has a light-transmitting substrate, a carbon nanotube film which is formed directly or indirectly on the light-transmitting substrate, and a metal oxide film which is formed directly on the carbon nanotube film. This production method includes vapor depositing the metal oxide film, which contains oxygen and a metal element belonging to the group 4, 5 or 6 of the periodic table, on one surface or both surfaces of the carbon nanotube film. The present invention provides a light-transmitting electrode which includes a light-transmitting substrate and a conductive carbon nanotube film that is formed directly or indirectly on the light-transmitting substrate.

A first photoelectric conversion element according to an embodiment of the present disclosure incudes: a first electrode; a second electrode disposed to be opposed to the first electrode; and a photoelectric conversion layer provided between the first electrode and the second electrode and including a chromophore, fullerene or a fullerene derivative, and a hole-transporting material, in which the chromophore and the fullerene or the fullerene derivative are bonded to each other at least partially via a crosslinking group in the photoelectric conversion layer.

A method includes forming a first low-dimensional layer over an isolation layer, forming a first insulator over the first low-dimensional layer, forming a second low-dimensional layer over the first insulator, forming a second insulator over the second low-dimensional layer, and patterning the first low-dimensional layer, the first insulator, the second low-dimensional layer, and the second insulator into a protruding fin. Remaining portions of the first low-dimensional layer, the first insulator, the second low-dimensional layer, and the second insulator form a first low-dimensional strip, a first insulator strip, a second low-dimensional strip, and a second insulator strip, respectively. A transistor is then formed based on the protruding fin.

The present disclosure provides a cathode interface modification material composition, a preparation method and use thereof. In the present disclosure, a uniformly dispersed novel cathode interface modification material composition is obtained by adding a carbon nanomaterial to a cathode interfacial material and dispersing the same in a polar solvent. The cathode interface modification material composition of the present disclosure and the cathode interface modification layer prepared using the cathode interface modification material composition of the present disclosure can be used for the fabrication of various types of organic photoelectric devices.

Solar cell stack-ups are described in which fullerene based transport layers are blended with a metal halide such as LiF, CsF or MgF.sub.2. In particular, perovskite solar cell stack-ups are described in which an electron transport layer includes a metal halide and fullerene blend.

A composite includes a polymer network including pectin or a pectin derivative; a low-molecular compound having a hydrophilic group in the polymer network; and a polyvalent metal ion coordinated with an anion present in the polymer chain of the polymer network.