Disclosed is a battery comprising a cathode, an anode and an electrolyte; the cathode comprises a cathode material, the cathode material comprises a cathode active material which is capable of reversibly intercalating and deintercalating a first metal ions; the electrolyte comprises at least a solvent capable of dissolving solute, the solute being ionized to a second metal ions that can be reduced to a metallic state during a charge cycle and be oxidized from the metallic state to the second metal ions during a discharge cycle and the first metal ions that can deintercalate from the cathode active material during the charge cycle and intercalate into the cathode active material during the discharge cycle; and the anode and/or the electrolyte further comprise an additive which is a bismuth compound. The gas production amount could be effectively reduced when the battery is being used.

An electrochemical cell is described, including an anodic chamber and a cathodic chamber separated by an electrolyte separator tube, all contained within a cell case. The cell also includes an electrically insulating ceramic collar positioned at an opening of the cathodic chamber, and defining an aperture in communication with the opening; along with a cathode current collector assembly; and at least one metallic ring that has a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) in the range of about 3 to about 7.5 ppm/° C., contacting at least a portion of a metallic component within the cell, and an adjacent ceramic component. An active braze alloy composition attaches and hermetically seals the ring to the metallic component and the collar. Sodium metal halide batteries that contain this type of cell are also described, along with methods for sealing structures within the cell.

An electrochemical cell is described, including an anodic chamber and a cathodic chamber separated by an electrolyte separator tube, all contained within a cell case. The cell also includes an electrically insulating ceramic collar positioned at an opening of the cathodic chamber, and defining an aperture in communication with the opening; along with a cathode current collector assembly; and at least one metallic ring that has a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) in the range of about 3 to about 7.5 ppm/° C., contacting at least a portion of a metallic component within the cell, and an adjacent ceramic component. An active braze alloy composition attaches and hermetically seals the ring to the metallic component and the collar. Sodium metal halide batteries that contain this type of cell are also described, along with methods for sealing structures within the cell.

A secondary battery includes: a first oxide semiconductor having a first conductivity type; a first charging layer disposed on the first oxide semiconductor layer, and composed by including a first insulating material and a second oxide semiconductor having the first conductivity type; a second charging layer disposed on the first charging layer; a third oxide semiconductor layer having a second conductivity type disposed on the second charging layer; and a hydroxide layer disposed between the first charging layer and the third oxide semiconductor layer, and containing a hydroxide of a metal constituting the third oxide semiconductor layer. The highly reliable secondary battery is capable of improving an energy density and increasing battery characteristics (electricity accumulation capacity).

A secondary battery includes: a first oxide semiconductor having a first conductivity type; a first charging layer disposed on the first oxide semiconductor layer, and composed by including a first insulating material and a second oxide semiconductor having the first conductivity type; a second charging layer disposed on the first charging layer; a third oxide semiconductor layer having a second conductivity type disposed on the second charging layer; and a hydroxide layer disposed between the first charging layer and the third oxide semiconductor layer, and containing a hydroxide of a metal constituting the third oxide semiconductor layer. The highly reliable secondary battery is capable of improving an energy density and increasing battery characteristics (electricity accumulation capacity).

In one embodiment, a secondary battery is provided, which includes an electrolytic solution, and a positive electrode and a negative electrode which are immersed in the electrolytic solution. The electrolytic solution contains water, an electrolyte salt, and at least one kind of an organic solvent with a relative permittivity of not more than 42. The relative permittivity of the electrolytic solution fractionated when converted according to a volume fraction is not more than 78.50.

In one embodiment, a secondary battery is provided, which includes an electrolytic solution, and a positive electrode and a negative electrode which are immersed in the electrolytic solution. The electrolytic solution contains water, an electrolyte salt, and at least one kind of an organic solvent with a relative permittivity of not more than 42. The relative permittivity of the electrolytic solution fractionated when converted according to a volume fraction is not more than 78.50.

According to one embodiment, a secondary battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte is provided. The negative electrode includes titanium-containing oxide and at least one kind of element selected from the group consisting of B, P, Al, La, Zr, Ge, Zn, Sn, Ga, Pb, In, Bi, and Tl. The electrolyte includes lithium ions and a solvent containing water.

According to one embodiment, a secondary battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte is provided. The negative electrode includes titanium-containing oxide and at least one kind of element selected from the group consisting of B, P, Al, La, Zr, Ge, Zn, Sn, Ga, Pb, In, Bi, and Tl. The electrolyte includes lithium ions and a solvent containing water.

The disclosure relates to a method for the fabrication of a thin-film solid-state battery with Ni(OH).sub.2 electrode, battery cell, and battery. One example embodiment is a method for fabricating a thin-film solid-state battery cell on a substrate comprising a first current collector layer. The method includes depositing above the first current collector layer a first electrode layer. The first electrode layer is a nanoporous composite layer that includes a plurality of pores having pore walls. The first electrode layer includes a mixture of a dielectric material and an active electrode material. The method also includes depositing above the first electrode layer a porous dielectric layer. The method further includes depositing directly on the porous dielectric layer a second electrode layer. Depositing the second electrode layer includes depositing a porous Ni(OH).sub.2 layer using an electrochemical deposition process.