A 5th generation (5G) or pre-5G communication system for supporting a data transmission rate higher than that of a 4th generation (4G) communication system such as long term evolution (LTE) is disclosed. The present disclosure relates to a rate compatible low-density parity-check (RC-LDPC) encoding method and device therefor. The encoding method includes using LDPC in a communication system, including the operations of LDPC encoding information bits by a first encoding rate, and performing a concatenated single parity check (SPC) encoding for the encoded bits by at least one second encoding rate lower than the first encoding rate.

A 5th generation (5G) or pre-5G communication system for supporting a data transmission rate higher than that of a 4th generation (4G) communication system such as long term evolution (LTE) is disclosed. The present disclosure relates to a rate compatible low-density parity-check (RC-LDPC) encoding method and device therefor. The encoding method includes using LDPC in a communication system, including the operations of LDPC encoding information bits by a first encoding rate, and performing a concatenated single parity check (SPC) encoding for the encoded bits by at least one second encoding rate lower than the first encoding rate.

The present invention is related to the method for producing the cathode material, cathode material and lithium-ion battery. The present invention provides the higher capacity and number of recharge cycles. The lithium battery comprises the metallic lithium anode, electrolyte and a cathode comprising metallic current collector coated with a suspension (concentration 0.1-1 g/mL) of composite material comprising V.sub.2O.sub.5 nanorods in graphene shell, dissolved in acetone.

The invention discloses a high voltage rechargeable Zn—MnO.sub.2 battery. The structure of the Zn—MnO.sub.2 battery includes zinc electrode/alkaline electrolyte/ion exchange membrane/acid electrolyte/MnO.sub.2 electrode. The ion exchange membrane comprises a cation exchange membrane, an anion exchange membrane or a proton exchange membrane. According to the invention, by using a composite electrolyte system (alkaline electrolyte/ion exchange membrane/acid electrolyte), a high voltage rechargeable Zn—MnO.sub.2 battery is obtained. According to the invention, an open circuit voltage of up to 2.7V is obtained, greatly improving the discharge voltage, and at the same time increasing the discharge capacity and enabling cyclic charge and discharge. The invention is of great importance in science research, beneficial to society and economics.

The invention discloses a high voltage rechargeable Zn—MnO.sub.2 battery. The structure of the Zn—MnO.sub.2 battery includes zinc electrode/alkaline electrolyte/ion exchange membrane/acid electrolyte/MnO.sub.2 electrode. The ion exchange membrane comprises a cation exchange membrane, an anion exchange membrane or a proton exchange membrane. According to the invention, by using a composite electrolyte system (alkaline electrolyte/ion exchange membrane/acid electrolyte), a high voltage rechargeable Zn—MnO.sub.2 battery is obtained. According to the invention, an open circuit voltage of up to 2.7V is obtained, greatly improving the discharge voltage, and at the same time increasing the discharge capacity and enabling cyclic charge and discharge. The invention is of great importance in science research, beneficial to society and economics.

A quantum battery manufacturing method includes: providing a p-type semiconductor substrate including a first conductive substrate and a p-type semiconductor layer disposed on one surface of the first conductive substrate; providing an n-type semiconductor substrate including a second conductive substrate and an n-type semiconductor layer disposed on one surface of the second conductive substrate; and forming an electricity storage layer between the p-type semiconductor substrate and the n-type semiconductor substrate, and attaching two sides of the electricity storage layer respectively to the p-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer to form a quantum battery. The electricity storage layer is formed by heating a thermoplastic polymer to soften and become a liquid, mixing the liquid with energized core-shell particles, and coating a substrate with the mixture. Core-shell particles are disposed on a conductive substrate and irradiated with ultraviolet rays for energization.

A quantum battery manufacturing method includes: providing a p-type semiconductor substrate including a first conductive substrate and a p-type semiconductor layer disposed on one surface of the first conductive substrate; providing an n-type semiconductor substrate including a second conductive substrate and an n-type semiconductor layer disposed on one surface of the second conductive substrate; and forming an electricity storage layer between the p-type semiconductor substrate and the n-type semiconductor substrate, and attaching two sides of the electricity storage layer respectively to the p-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer to form a quantum battery. The electricity storage layer is formed by heating a thermoplastic polymer to soften and become a liquid, mixing the liquid with energized core-shell particles, and coating a substrate with the mixture. Core-shell particles are disposed on a conductive substrate and irradiated with ultraviolet rays for energization.

Square section liquid metal batteries (LMBs) with a grid device to suppress instabilities of fluids. The LMBs include a shell, negative current collector, negative material, metallic nets/plates, grid device, electrolyte, positive material, rectangular holes on partitions of grid device, and positive current collector. The positive material, electrolyte, and negative material are filled in the shell and automatically stratified from bottom to top according to the density from large to small. The negative current collector is linked with negative material, and the positive current collector is linked with positive material. The grid device is composed of partitions which cross each other and pass through the negative material, the electrolyte vertically in sequence, and extend inside the positive material. There are rectangular holes opened on the grid device, and the vertical height of each rectangular hole is larger than the biggest displacement of electrolyte during charging and discharging processes.

Provided are a positive electrode for a Zn—Br battery, a Zn—Br battery including the same, and a method of manufacturing the positive electrode for a Zn—Br battery. The positive electrode for a Zn—Br battery includes a carbon body doped with pyridinic nitrogen. The Zn—Br battery includes a negative electrode including a transition metal coated with zinc, the positive electrode; and an electrolyte. A pH of the electrolyte is in a range of 1.5 to 5.

Provided are a positive electrode for a Zn—Br battery, a Zn—Br battery including the same, and a method of manufacturing the positive electrode for a Zn—Br battery. The positive electrode for a Zn—Br battery includes a carbon body doped with pyridinic nitrogen. The Zn—Br battery includes a negative electrode including a transition metal coated with zinc, the positive electrode; and an electrolyte. A pH of the electrolyte is in a range of 1.5 to 5.