Methods, apparatuses, devices, and systems for producing and controlling and fusion activities of nuclei. Hydrogen atoms or other neutral species (neutrals) are induced to rotational motion in a confinement region as a result of ion-neutral coupling, in which ions are driven by electric and magnetic fields. The controlled fusion activities cover a spectrum of reactions including aneutronic reactions such as proton-boron-11 fusion reactions. Electron emitters may be employed to provide, during operation, an electron rich region.

Methods, apparatuses, devices, and systems for producing and controlling and fusion activities of nuclei. Hydrogen atoms or other neutral species (neutrals) are induced to rotational motion in a confinement region as a result of ion-neutral coupling, in which ions are driven by electric and magnetic fields. The controlled fusion activities cover a spectrum of reactions including aneutronic reactions such as proton-boron-11 fusion reactions.

Systems and methods to reduce the amplitude of undesirable eddy currents in conducting structures, e.g., induced by the translation of an FRC into a confinement chamber, while leaving beneficial eddy currents unaffected. This is achieved by inducing opposing currents in the same conducting structures prior to plasma translation into the confinement chamber.

Systems and methods to reduce the amplitude of undesirable eddy currents in conducting structures, e.g., induced by the translation of an FRC into a confinement chamber, while leaving beneficial eddy currents unaffected. This is achieved by inducing opposing currents in the same conducting structures prior to plasma translation into the confinement chamber.

Methods, apparatuses, devices, and systems for (i) producing and controlling and fusion activities of nuclei, and (ii) heating liquid via heat generated as a result of the fusion activities. Hydrogen atoms or other neutral species (neutrals) are induced to rotational motion in a confinement region as a result of ion-neutral coupling, in which ions are driven by electric and magnetic fields. The controlled fusion activities cover a spectrum of reactions including aneutronic reactions such as proton-boron-11 fusion reactions.

Methods, apparatuses, devices, and systems for producing and controlling and fusion activities of nuclei. Hydrogen atoms or other neutral species (neutrals) are induced to rotational motion in a confinement region as a result of ion-neutral coupling, in which ions are driven by electric and magnetic fields. The controlled fusion activities cover a spectrum of reactions including aneutronic reactions such as proton-boron-11 fusion reactions.

Provided are apparatuses and methods for producing helium-3 by a reactor with a confining wall that encloses a confinement region within which charged particles and neutrals rotate. A plurality of electrodes is positioned adjacent to the confinement region. A control system having a voltage source applies an electric potential between the plurality of electrodes to generate an electric field within the confinement region to induce rotational movement of the charged particles and the neutrals therein. A reactant is disposed in the confinement region. Repeated collisions between the neutrals and the reactant produce a product having a nuclear mass that is different from a nuclear mass of the nuclei of the neutrals and the reactant. The product includes at least helium-3, and sometimes also includes helium-4.

Tracer gas sensing device comprising a gas discharge cell having cell walls defining a discharge volume and a tracer gas inlet into the discharge volume, an optical spectrometer arrangement having a radiation source on a first side of the discharge cell for emitting radiation into the discharge cell and a radiation detector on a second side of the discharge cell opposite to the first side for detecting radiation which was emitted by the radiation source through the discharge volume, and electrodes on opposing sides of the discharge cell for generating a plasma within the discharge cell, said electrodes being unexposed plasma electrodes. The discharge cell may be a dielectric barrier discharge cell and the electrodes may be powered by an AC power source.

Tracer gas sensing device comprising a gas discharge cell having cell walls defining a discharge volume and a tracer gas inlet into the discharge volume, an optical spectrometer arrangement having a radiation source on a first side of the discharge cell for emitting radiation into the discharge cell and a radiation detector on a second side of the discharge cell opposite to the first side for detecting radiation which was emitted by the radiation source through the discharge volume, and electrodes on opposing sides of the discharge cell for generating a plasma within the discharge cell, said electrodes being unexposed plasma electrodes. The discharge cell may be a dielectric barrier discharge cell and the electrodes may be powered by an AC power source.

Ocean water and/or heavy water will be utilized as fuel to derive fusion energy. Utilizing multiple coiled, triple-axis systems, shall produce magnetic flux densities from 10.sup.6 Gauss to 10.sup.21 Gauss as derived from mc.sup.2=BvLq (Jacobson Resonance). Matter may be cajoled, such as deuterons and protons to fuse, thereby providing energy. This energy will be withdrawn for conversion of heat energy to electricity. The frequency of the B field is determined with the formula,

[00001]$f=\frac{10.Math.\mathrm{qB}}{2.Math..Math..Math.m}$

wherein q is the charge of an electron in ab-coulombs, m is the mass of an electron in grams, and B is the flux density in Gauss as derived from mc.sup.2=BvLq. In addition, m in mc.sup.2=BvLq, represents the particular target mass, e.g. deuterons, protons, and/or electrons, wherein the mass of a deuteron is about 21.6710.sup.24 grams, the mass of a proton is about 1.6710.sup.24 grams, and the mass of an electron is about 9.1110.sup.28 grams. In the equation mc.sup.2=BvLq, c is the velocity of light, v is an inertial velocity (constant velocity motion), L is the longest dimension of a conductive body, and q is normalized as a single ab-coulomb in the CGS system of physical units.

This accounts for the mass of a proton in concert with the mass of the neutron wherein the mass of a neutron is slightly larger than the proton. Electrons will be withdrawn from their orbitals within an electrolytic system. The ions (deuterons and/or protons) will be affected thusly. Positively charged deuterium ions (deuterons), as well as protons will then be attracted to the negative electrode e.g. palladium cathode. Microscopic pores/small volumes of space within the atomic lattice structure of palladium or other like materials are utilized for fusion of said target masses to therein overcome the quantum barrier (created by electrostatic repulsion of said ions) via quantum tunneling and the action of the strong nuclear force which holds quarks together. The ions are therein contained within the cathode comprised of palladium, or other like materials, which may be susceptible to affectation through photon-phonon conversions, or electromechanical transduction. Magnetic field interaction energies produced by an external coil system, as well as the electromotive force energy (related to the EMF produced by voltage drop across the palladium cathode within the non-fer