A fusion reactor with a spherical shaped confinement apparatus comprising a plurality of conductive coils that form a rotating negative potential well about a confined center at the center of the system, confining electrons expelled from a surrounding electron discharging grid to obtain a curved spherical rotation pattern to the electrons confined with in the confinement apparatus. The confinement apparatus is also rotated by a multipolar rotating electric machine to promote improved confinement by reducing the amount of time for electrons to escape confinement and shaping the particles in a more curved and spherical shape to allow converging and diverging geodesic effects to enhance tighter and denser particle confinement. This fusion concept reduces the amount of energy needed to operate while minimizing magnetic reconnection disturbances, allowing the NESAR to be the world's first reactor to meet the break-even point of fusion with possible gravitational effects.

A system and method for containing plasma and forming a Field Reversed Configuration (FRC) magnetic topology are described in which plasma ions are contained magnetically in stable, non-adiabatic orbits in the FRC. Further, the electrons are contained electrostatically in a deep energy well, created by tuning an externally applied magnetic field. The simultaneous electrostatic confinement of electrons and magnetic confinement of ions avoids anomalous transport and facilitates classical containment of both electrons and ions. In this configuration, ions and electrons may have adequate density and temperature so that upon collisions ions are fused together by nuclear force, thus releasing fusion energy. Moreover, the fusion fuel plasmas that can be used with the present confinement system and method are not limited to neutronic fuels only, but also advantageously include advanced fuels.

A system and method for containing plasma and forming a Field Reversed Configuration (FRC) magnetic topology are described in which plasma ions are contained magnetically in stable, non-adiabatic orbits in the FRC. Further, the electrons are contained electrostatically in a deep energy well, created by tuning an externally applied magnetic field. The simultaneous electrostatic confinement of electrons and magnetic confinement of ions avoids anomalous transport and facilitates classical containment of both electrons and ions. In this configuration, ions and electrons may have adequate density and temperature so that upon collisions ions are fused together by nuclear force, thus releasing fusion energy. Moreover, the fusion fuel plasmas that can be used with the present confinement system and method are not limited to neutronic fuels only, but also advantageously include advanced fuels.

A deposition apparatus includes a plasma generator for generating a plasma by arc discharge, and a deposition unit for forming a film on a member by the plasma generated by the plasma generator. The plasma generator includes a target holder for holding a target and applying a negative potential to the target, an anode to which a positive potential is applied, and a capture for capturing droplets from the target. The anode has an opening, and the capture is arranged in the opening.

A deposition apparatus includes a plasma generator for generating a plasma by arc discharge, and a deposition unit for forming a film on a member by the plasma generated by the plasma generator. The plasma generator includes a target holder for holding a target and applying a negative potential to the target, an anode to which a positive potential is applied, and a capture for capturing droplets from the target. The anode has an opening, and the capture is arranged in the opening.

A system and method for containing plasma and forming a Field Reversed Configuration (FRC) magnetic topology are described in which plasma ions are contained magnetically in stable, non-adiabatic orbits in the FRC. Further, the electrons are contained electrostatically in a deep energy well, created by tuning an externally applied magnetic field. The simultaneous electrostatic confinement of electrons and magnetic confinement of ions avoids anomalous transport and facilitates classical containment of both electrons and ions. In this configuration, ions and electrons may have adequate density and temperature so that upon collisions ions are fused together by nuclear force, thus releasing fusion energy. Moreover, the fusion fuel plasmas that can be used with the present confinement system and method are not limited to neutronic fuels only, but also advantageously include advanced fuels.

A system and method for containing plasma and forming a Field Reversed Configuration (FRC) magnetic topology are described in which plasma ions are contained magnetically in stable, non-adiabatic orbits in the FRC. Further, the electrons are contained electrostatically in a deep energy well, created by tuning an externally applied magnetic field. The simultaneous electrostatic confinement of electrons and magnetic confinement of ions avoids anomalous transport and facilitates classical containment of both electrons and ions. In this configuration, ions and electrons may have adequate density and temperature so that upon collisions ions are fused together by nuclear force, thus releasing fusion energy. Moreover, the fusion fuel plasmas that can be used with the present confinement system and method are not limited to neutronic fuels only, but also advantageously include advanced fuels.

Apparatus (1) for generating condensed plasmoids. The apparatus (1) includes a reactor (4) with a chamber (15) for containing a reactant gas. A cathode (17) and an anode (18) extend into the chamber (15) with an interelectrode gap formed between the electrodes (17,18). The electrodes (17, 18) are connectable to an electrical circuit (13) having a power supply (12) for applying an electric potential difference between the electrodes (17, 18) to form a plasma of the reactant gas in the interelectrode gap (19). An interelectrode discharge (21) traverses the interelectrode gap (19). The cathode (17) has an electron discharge material (22) from which clusters (63) of electrons emit, thereby generating condensed plasmoids (62) in the interelectrode discharge (21). The electron discharge material (22) includes a semiconductor material.

Apparatus (1) for generating condensed plasmoids. The apparatus (1) includes a reactor (4) with a chamber (15) for containing a reactant gas. A cathode (17) and an anode (18) extend into the chamber (15) with an interelectrode gap formed between the electrodes (17,18). The electrodes (17, 18) are connectable to an electrical circuit (13) having a power supply (12) for applying an electric potential difference between the electrodes (17, 18) to form a plasma of the reactant gas in the interelectrode gap (19). An interelectrode discharge (21) traverses the interelectrode gap (19). The cathode (17) has an electron discharge material (22) from which clusters (63) of electrons emit, thereby generating condensed plasmoids (62) in the interelectrode discharge (21). The electron discharge material (22) includes a semiconductor material.

A method and apparatus for generating light includes a chamber having a high voltage region, a low voltage region, and a plasma generation region that defines a plasma confinement region. A magnetic core is positioned around the chamber and is configured to generate a plasma in the plasma confinement region. A switched power supply includes a DC power supply and a switched resonant charging circuit that together generate a plurality of voltage pulses at the output causing a plurality of current pulses to be applied to the power delivery section around the magnetic core so that at least one plasma loop is established around the magnetic core that confines plasma in the plasma confinement region, thereby forming a magnetically confined Z-pinch plasma. Light generated by the Z-pinch plasma propagates out of a port in the light source.