A space modification apparatus includes a treatment tank configured to generate a gas phase around a rotating center of a rotating flow of a liquid by rotating the liquid, a first electrode of which at least a part is in the treatment tank so as to be in contact with the liquid in the treatment tank, a second electrode in contact with the liquid in the treatment tank, and a power source configured to apply a voltage between the first electrode and the second electrode to generate plasma in the gas phase to generate modification components, the modification components being dissolved and dispersed in the liquid, and a modification liquid being generated and retained in a storage tank. The modification liquid is sprayed or scattered from a nozzle into a treatment target space via a supply pump in the form of mist.

There is provided a liquid treatment apparatus which includes a treatment tank which generates a gas phase in a swirling flow of liquid, by swirling an introduced liquid and which treats liquid by applying a pulse voltage to a generated gas phase to generate plasma, in which an insulator which is an insulating space forming member is disposed on a wall surface of one end of the treatment tank so as to prevent a swirling flow from being affected, faces the space connected via the through-hole of the insulator, and thus the first electrode is disposed.

A plasma generator generates atmospheric pressure, low temperature plasma (cold plasma), and includes a thin plate-like first electrode defining a planar bottom surface. A thin plate-like second electrode defines a planar top surface. The second electrode opposes the first electrode, such that the bottom surface of the first electrode faces the top surface of the second electrode. A first dielectric layer is disposed on the bottom surface of the first electrode, and a second dielectric layer is disposed on the top surface of the second electrode. A spacer supports the first and second electrodes to define a predetermined gap between the first and second dielectric layers. A power supply supplies electrical power to the first and second electrodes at a predetermined voltage and frequency, such that, based on the predetermined gap between the first and second dielectric layers, cold plasma is generated.

The present invention provides a microplasma device and system thereof. The microplasma device comprises a reaction tank carrying with a reaction solution. A nanomaterial and its precursors are contained in the reaction solution. A first electrode is at least partially immersed in the reaction solution. A second electrode comprises a microplasma array component to eject microplasma array to the surface of the reaction solution. A power source is electrically connected between the first electrode and the second electrode. The present invention provides a novel microplasma array device to produce nanomaterial with increased yield rate. The microplasma array device can be multiplied by adding the outlet of the microplasma as desired to produce nanomaterial including but not limited to nano-metal particles, carbon quantum dots, silicon quantum dots and plasma-activated water with higher yield rate.

A system for treating an article. The system comprises a segment adapted to contain a local atmosphere and an internal pressure which is within the range of 90 kPa to 110 kPa. The segment comprising a module. The module comprising a pair of electrodes and a manifold for delivering a fluid to the pair of electrodes, wherein the electrodes are adapted to energise the fluid delivered from the manifold before being deposited onto the article.

A system and method for evaluating a bond is provided. The system uses an underwater spark discharge to generate a compression wave in a first vessel containing a liquid. The system further includes a second vessel in which a vacuum is pulled to hold the first vessel against a bonded structure being inspected. The compression wave is directed to propagate from the liquid into the bonded structure to apply a known force to the bond being inspected.

There is provided an in-liquid plasma device including a tubular flow channel in which a liquid flow, and a cavitation generator and a voltage application unit which are disposed in the tubular flow channel. The cavitation generator generates cavitation in the liquid inside the tubular flow channel. The voltage application unit is located in the tubular flow channel so as to generate plasma by applying a voltage to the liquid in which the cavitation is generated. The cavitation generator has a throttle portion whose inner diameter is smaller than other sites in the tubular flow channel. The throttle portion has an upstream side inclined surface located on an upstream side of a narrowest site of the throttle portion, and a downstream side inclined surface located on a downstream side of the narrowest site of the throttle portion.

A solid or liquid fuel to plasma to electricity power source that provides at leas; one of electrical and thermal power comprising (i) at least one reaction cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos, (ii) a chemical feel mixture comprising at least two components chosen from: a source of H.sub.2O catalyst or H.sub.2O catalyst; a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; reactants to form the source of H.sub.2O catalyst or H.sub.2O catalyst and a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; one or more reactants to initiate the catalysis of atomic hydrogen; and a material to cause the feel to be highly conductive, (iii) a fuel injection system such as a railgun shot injector, (iv) at least one set of electrodes that confine the fuel and an electrical power source that provides repetitive short bursts of low-voltage, high-current electrical energy to initiate rapid kinetics of the hydrino reaction and an energy gain due to forming hydrinos to torn! a brilliant-light emitting plasma, (v) a product recovery system such as at least one of an augmented plasma railgun recovery system and a gravity recovery system (vi) a fuel pelletizer or shot maker comprising a s me Her. a source or hydrogen and a source of H.sub.2O, a dripper and a water bath to form fuel pellets or shot, and an agitator to teed shot into the injector, and (vii) a power converter capable of converting the high-power light output of the cell into electricity such as a concentrated solar power device comprising a plurality of ultraviolet (UV) photoelectric cells or a plurality of photoelectric cells, and a UV window.

Some embodiments include a plasma source. The plasma source includes: (i) a plasma emitter having a first electrode and a second electrode defining an electrode gap therebetween; (ii) stands disposed adjacent to the electrode gap and the plasma emitter; (iii) emitter openings configured such that shockwaves generated by the plasma source are directed through the emitter openings and radially from the plasma emitter, wherein adjacent emitter openings of the emitter openings are separated from each other by at least one stand of the stands; (iv) an enclosure housing at a distal end of the plasma emitter and having a delivery device configured to introduce a conductor through an opening in the second electrode and into the electrode gap; and a device housing at a proximal end of the plasma emitter and having a transformer, a capacitor unit, and a contactor. Other embodiments of related systems and methods are also disclosed.

Water is flowed inside main body section formed from an insulating material such that a specified space remains inside the main body section. Electrodes and are arranged along the outer walls of the main body section and voltage is applied to the electrodes. Processing gas present inside the main body section is plasmarized and plasma is emitted to the water flowing inside the main body section.