Methods and devices for forming painted circuits using multiple layers of electrically conductive paint. In one aspect, a painted circuit includes a substrate (111) and one or more paint layer (106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 120, 122) applied to the substrate, where the one or more paint layers each form an electrical component of the painted circuit. A given paint layer of the one or more paint layers includes a conductive paint formulation having a resistance that is defined by a concentration of conductive material that is included in the conductive paint formulation and a thickness of the given paint layer, and lower concentrations of the conductive material included in the conductive paint formulation provide a higher resistance than higher concentrations of conductive material.

The present invention relates to a dye-sensitized solar cell unit (1) comprising:—a working electrode comprising a porous light-absorbing layer (10),—a porous first conductive layer (12) including conductive material for extracting photo-generated electrons In from the light-absorbing layer (10),—a porous insulating layer (105) made of an insulating material,—a counter electrode comprising a porous catalytic conductive layer (106) formed on the opposite side of the porous insulating layer (105), and—an ionic based electrolyte for transferring electrons from the counter electrode to the working electrode and arranged in pores of the porous first conductive layer (12), the porous catalytic conductive layer (106), and the porous insulating layer (105), wherein the first conductive layer (12) comprises an insulating oxide layer (109) formed on the surfaces of the conductive material, and the porous catalytic conductive layer (106) comprises conductive material (107′) and catalytic particles (107″) distributed in the conductive material for improving the transfer of electrons from the conductive material (107″) to the electrolyte.

The present invention relates to a dye-sensitized solar cell unit (1) comprising a working electrode comprising a light-absorbing layer (10), a porous first conducting layer (12) for extracting photo-generated electrons from the light-absorbing layer (10), wherein the light-absorbing layer (10) is arranged on top of the first conducting layer (12), a porous insulating layer (105c) made of an insulating material, wherein the porous first conducting layer (12) is arranged on top of the porous insulating layer (105c). The dye-sensitized solar cell unit (1) further comprises a counter electrode comprising a second conducting layer (16) including conducting material, and a porous third conducting layer (106c) disposed between the porous insulating layer (105c) and the second conducting layer (16), and in electrical contact with the second conducting layer. The dye-sensitized solar cell unit (1) further comprises a liquid electrolyte for transferring charges between the counter electrode and the working electrode. The second conducting layer (16) is non-catalytic and the third conducting layer (106c) comprises catalytic particles (107) for improving the transfer of electrons to the liquid electrolyte.

An organic material purification composition, a mixed composition, and a method of purifying an organic material, the organic material purification composition including an ionic liquid in which a cation and an anion are combined; and an organic solvent, wherein the organic solvent includes an alcohol or a ketone.

The nitrogen battery of the present disclosure includes a positive electrode that uses nitrogen as a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode, and an ion conducting medium that contains a silane compound and conducts alkali metal ions.

The present disclosure is directed to a triazine-modified ionic liquid compound, the synthesis thereof and an electrochemical cell electrolyte containing the triazine-modified ionic liquid compound.

A photovoltaic device is provided. The photovoltaic device includes a metal salt layer disposed adjacent to a perovskite layer. The metal salt layer diffuses into the perovskite layer. Methods for fabricating the photovoltaic device are also provided.

The present invention relates to a solar cell and a method for manufacturing thereof. The solar cell comprises a porous insulating substrate (2), a first porous conducting layer (4) and a second porous conducting layer (6) disposed on opposite sides of the porous insulating substrate, a light absorbing layer (8) in electrical contact with the first conducting layer, and an electrolyte integrally positioned through the porous conductive layers, the porous insulating substrate and the light absorbing layer to transfer charge carriers between the second conducting layer and the light absorbing layer. The light absorbing layer (8) comprises a plurality of grains (10) of a doped semiconducting material.

Provided is an electrolyte composition containing iodine (A), a sulfur compound (B) excluding organic salts, and a basic nitrogen compound (C). This electrolyte composition may have a light transmittance at a wavelength of 400 nm in an optical path length of 1 cm of 30% or higher. The sulfur compound (B) may be at least one selected from the group consisting of a thiol, a sulfide, and a disulfide (particularly a thiol having a chain or cyclic alkane backbone, such as a linear or branched C.sub.4-18 alkanethiol). The basic nitrogen compound (C) may be an amine (particularly a pyridine). A proportion of the sulfur compound (B) may be approximately from 0.1 to 2 times the molar amount of the basic nitrogen compound (C). The electrolyte composition may further contain an iodide salt. The electrolyte composition may be an electrolyte solution for dye-sensitized solar cells. The electrolyte composition can be easily and conveniently prepared and, although contains iodine, is highly transparent and also has reduced coloration.

The purpose of the present invention is to improve power generation efficiency of a photovoltaic element. In a tandem-type photovoltaic element that comprises titanium dioxide and silicon dioxide, silicon dioxide particles that constitute a first photovoltaic layer 24 composed of silicon dioxide are thinly dispersed on a charge exchange layer 23 that is composed of Pt and has a roughness on the surface and on a first conductive film 22 that is composed of FTO and also has a roughness on the surface. Due to this configuration, a photovoltaic element with high power generation efficiency can be obtained.