A solar cell structure is disclosed. The solar cell structure comprises a carrier having a front side and a P-N junction, a solar cell electrically coupled to the front side of the carrier, and an adhesive layer. The adhesive layer bonds the front side of the carrier to the solar cell. The adhesive layer includes conductive particles that electrically couple the carrier to the solar cell.

A solar cell structure is disclosed. The solar cell structure comprises a carrier having a front side and a P-N junction, a solar cell electrically coupled to the front side of the carrier, and an adhesive layer. The adhesive layer bonds the front side of the carrier to the solar cell. The adhesive layer includes conductive particles that electrically couple the carrier to the solar cell.

Disclosed is a tandem solar cell according to an aspect including: a silicon lower cell; a perovskite upper cell disposed on the silicon lower cell; and a bonding layer for bonding the silicon lower cell and the perovskite upper cell between the silicon lower cell and the perovskite upper cell, wherein the front surface portion of the silicon lower cell being in contact with the bonding layer includes a texture structure, the bonding layer includes a first transparent electrode layer formed on the sidewall of the texture structure, a buried layer filling concave portions of the texture structure on the first transparent electrode layer, and a second transparent electrode layer on top surfaces of the buried layer, the first transparent electrode layer and the texture structure.

A method of repairing a solar cell bonded on a substrate, by bonding a replacement solar cell on top of an existing solar cell, without removing the existing solar cell. The substrate may comprise a flexible circuit, printed circuit board, flex blanket, or solar cell panel. The bonding of the replacement solar cell on top of the existing solar cell uses a controlled adhesive pattern. Electrical connections for the existing solar cell and the replacement solar cell are made using electrical conductors on, above or embedded within the substrate. The electrical connections may extend underneath the replacement solar cell. The method further comprises removing interconnects for the electrical connections for the existing solar cell, and then welding or soldering interconnects for the electrical connections for the replacement solar cell.

A method of repairing a solar cell bonded on a substrate, by bonding a replacement solar cell on top of an existing solar cell, without removing the existing solar cell. The substrate may comprise a flexible circuit, printed circuit board, flex blanket, or solar cell panel. The bonding of the replacement solar cell on top of the existing solar cell uses a controlled adhesive pattern. Electrical connections for the existing solar cell and the replacement solar cell are made using electrical conductors on, above or embedded within the substrate. The electrical connections may extend underneath the replacement solar cell. The method further comprises removing interconnects for the electrical connections for the existing solar cell, and then welding or soldering interconnects for the electrical connections for the replacement solar cell.

A photovoltaic (“PV”) module may comprise an array of freeform micro-optics and an array of PV cells. The PV module may be a flat panel with a nominal thickness smaller than the length and width of the flat panel. An array of lenses may be embedded in an array substrate. The lenses may be coupled to light pipes. The lenses may concentrate light through the light pipes to multi-junction cells. Diffuse light may be transferred through the array substrate to a silicon cell. The lenses and light pipes may be manufactured using a molding and drawing process.

A method for increasing the energy output of an already installed solar power plant is provided including at least one first solar panel, which is absorbing sunlight in a first frequency band, wherein a semi-transparent second solar panel, which absorbs light in a second frequency band, is mounted on top of at least one of the at least one first solar panel and connected to a power electronics device of the solar power plant including at least one solar inverter, wherein the first and second frequency bands do not or only partially overlap such that the second solar panel allows at least a part of the light of the first frequency band to pass.

A method for increasing the energy output of an already installed solar power plant is provided including at least one first solar panel, which is absorbing sunlight in a first frequency band, wherein a semi-transparent second solar panel, which absorbs light in a second frequency band, is mounted on top of at least one of the at least one first solar panel and connected to a power electronics device of the solar power plant including at least one solar inverter, wherein the first and second frequency bands do not or only partially overlap such that the second solar panel allows at least a part of the light of the first frequency band to pass.

A solar cell of an embodiment includes a p-electrode, an n-electrode, a p-type light-absorbing layer located between the p-electrode and the n-electrode and mainly containing a cuprous oxide, and a first n-type layer which is located between the p-type light-absorbing layer and the n-electrode, which mainly contains a compound represented by Ga.sub.x1M1.sub.x2M2.sub.x3M3.sub.x4M4.sub.x5O.sub.x6, the M1 being Hf and/or Zr, the M2 being one or more selected from the group consisting of In, Ti, and Zn, the M3 being Al and/or B, the M4 is one or more selected from the group consisting of Sn, Si, and Ge, the x1, the x2, and the x6 being more than 0, the x3, the x4, and the x5 being 0 or more, and the x6 when a sum of the x1, the x2, the x3, the x4, and the x5 is 2 being 3.0 or more and 3.8 or less.

A tandem solar cell according to an embodiment includes a top cell string, a bottom cell string, a top cell module, a first string connection, a bottom cell module, and a second string connection. The top cell string is formed by electrically connecting a plurality of top cells. The bottom cell string is formed by electrically connecting a plurality of bottom cells. The bottom cell string is arranged so as to overlap the top cell string in a plan view in a thickness direction of the top cell. The first string connection includes a first extending portion extending to an outside of the top cell module in the plan view. A plurality of bottom cell strings are electrically connected to the bottom cell module. The first extending portion and the second extending portion are arranged apart from each other in the plan view.