A monolithic solar cell includes a first solar cell that is a sequential stack of an electrode, a silicon substrate, and an n-type emitter layer; a recombination layer disposed on the n-type emitter layer; an interfacial layer that is a double layer constituted of PEDOT:PSS and poly-TPD or PEDOT:PSS and PCDTBT, and that is disposed on the recombination layer; and a second solar cell that includes a p-type hole selective layer and a perovskite layer disposed on the p-type hole selective layer, the a p-type hole selective layer contacting and being integrated onto the interfacial layer of the first solar cell in a heat treatment during which the interfacial layer is partially decomposed, wherein the presence of the interfacial layer prevents a reduction in photoelectric conversion efficiency that occurs if the first solar cell and the second solar cell are combined without the presence of the interfacial layer.

A photovoltaic device includes a first group of photovoltaic cells of a first cell type, the first group of photovoltaic cells operable to produce a first current and a first voltage, and a second group of photovoltaic cells of a second cell type that is different than the first cell type, the second group of photovoltaic cells operable to produce a second current and a second voltage. A first power electronics unit is connected to the first group of photovoltaic cells, and a second power electronics unit is connected to the second group of photovoltaic cells. The second power electronics unit is separate from and not communicating with the first power electronics unit. A control device is operable to vary a first property of the first power electronics unit to vary the first current and the first voltage and to vary a second property of the second power electronics unit to vary the second voltage and the second current independent of the first voltage and the first current.

A photovoltaic device includes a first group of photovoltaic cells of a first cell type, the first group of photovoltaic cells operable to produce a first current and a first voltage, and a second group of photovoltaic cells of a second cell type that is different than the first cell type, the second group of photovoltaic cells operable to produce a second current and a second voltage. A first power electronics unit is connected to the first group of photovoltaic cells, and a second power electronics unit is connected to the second group of photovoltaic cells. The second power electronics unit is separate from and not communicating with the first power electronics unit. A control device is operable to vary a first property of the first power electronics unit to vary the first current and the first voltage and to vary a second property of the second power electronics unit to vary the second voltage and the second current independent of the first voltage and the first current.

A solar cell according to the present embodiment may have a tandem structure comprising a photovoltaic part, wherein the photovoltaic part comprises: a first photovoltaic part comprising: a photovoltaic layer composed of a perovskite compound; and a second photovoltaic part comprising a semiconductor substrate. Here, in the second photovoltaic part, a first semiconductor layer and a second semiconductor layer, which are formed separately from the semiconductor substrate on one side or the other side of the semiconductor substrate, may have different structures from each other.

A poly-layered, poly-dimensional solar photovoltaic stack structure may be provided in a tower form. A plurality of solar panels may be stacked on top of one another to create a solar stack tower. Using the solar stack tower, reflection, refraction, diffusion, and transportation of light may transmit photons from a higher area of photon saturation to a lower area of photon saturation. The solar stack tower may provide an enclosed structure, protecting and insulating the solar panels from heat, moisture, dust, and other elements that usually damage solar panels over time.

A poly-layered, poly-dimensional solar photovoltaic stack structure may be provided in a tower form. A plurality of solar panels may be stacked on top of one another to create a solar stack tower. Using the solar stack tower, reflection, refraction, diffusion, and transportation of light may transmit photons from a higher area of photon saturation to a lower area of photon saturation. The solar stack tower may provide an enclosed structure, protecting and insulating the solar panels from heat, moisture, dust, and other elements that usually damage solar panels over time.

A photovoltaic device including a photovoltaic cell and method of use is disclosed. The photovoltaic cell includes at least a first photovoltaic layer and a second photovoltaic layer arranged in a stack. The first photovoltaic layer has a first thickness and receives light at its top surface. A second photovoltaic layer has a second thickness and is disposed beneath the first photovoltaic layer and receives light passing through the first photovoltaic layer. The first thickness and the second thickness are selected so that a first light absorption at the first photovoltaic layer is equal to a second light absorption at the second photovoltaic layer. The photovoltaic cell is irradiated at its top surface with monochromatic light to generate a current.

A photovoltaic device including a photovoltaic cell and method of use is disclosed. The photovoltaic cell includes at least a first photovoltaic layer and a second photovoltaic layer arranged in a stack. The first photovoltaic layer has a first thickness and receives light at its top surface. A second photovoltaic layer has a second thickness and is disposed beneath the first photovoltaic layer and receives light passing through the first photovoltaic layer. The first thickness and the second thickness are selected so that a first light absorption at the first photovoltaic layer is equal to a second light absorption at the second photovoltaic layer. The photovoltaic cell is irradiated at its top surface with monochromatic light to generate a current.

The present invention relates to a tandem solar cell which comprises: a perovskite solar cell comprising a perovskite absorption layer; a silicon solar cell placed under the perovskite solar cell; a junction layer placed between the perovskite solar cell and the silicon solar cell; an upper electrode placed on the perovskite solar cell; and a lower electrode placed under the silicon solar cell.

A device includes a first substrate, a silicon layer supported by the first substrate, and an active glass layer with a layer including a crystal material with a chemical formula ABX.sub.3 supported by a glass substrate. The active glass layer is stacked on the first substrate such that the layer including the crystal material with a chemical formula ABX.sub.3 and silicon layer are arranged between the first substrate and the glass substrate.