The formation method of graphene includes the steps of forming a layer including graphene oxide over a first conductive layer; and supplying a potential at which the reduction reaction of the graphene oxide occurs to the first conductive layer in an electrolyte where the first conductive layer as a working electrode and a second conductive layer with a as a counter electrode are immersed. A manufacturing method of a power storage device including at least a positive electrode, a negative electrode, an electrolyte, and a separator includes a step of forming graphene for an active material layer of one of or both the positive electrode and the negative electrode by the formation method.

A method for producing a silicon anode for secondary batteries. Mesoporous silicon is used for the anode to provide space for volume expansion in the course of intercalation, especially of lithium ions. However, instead of coating a metal film with silicon, here metal is deposited onto a monocrystalline etched silicon wafer. It is essential that the silicon is monocrystalline and that the two flat sides of the wafer are (100)-oriented, i.e., perpendicular to the (100)-direction of the volumetric crystal.

An electrode for a lithium-ion battery. The electrode has at least one porous silicon layer and a copper layer. There is also described a battery with such an electrode, a method for producing an electrode of this kind, and the use of an electrode of this kind in a battery.

A lithium ion secondary battery is provided. The lithium ion secondary battery includes an electrolytic tank having an accommodating space, a positive electrode disposed in the accommodating space, a negative electrode disposed in the accommodating space and spaced apart from the positive electrode, and an isolation film disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. In the X-ray diffraction spectrum of a first surface of the electrolytic copper foil, a ratio of the diffraction peak intensity I(200) of the (200) crystal face of the first surface relative to the diffraction peak intensity I(111) of the (111) crystal face of the first surface is between 0.5 and 2.0. A ratio of the diffraction peak intensity I(200) of the (200) crystal face of a second surface relative to the diffraction peak intensity I(111) of the (111) crystal face of the second surface is between 0.5 and 2.0.

A hydrophilic porous carbon electrode which has excellent hydrophilicity, which has high reaction activity when used for a battery, and with which excellent battery characteristics is able to be obtained is provided. A hydrophilic porous carbon electrode is a sheet-form hydrophilic porous carbon electrode in which a carbon fiber is bonded using a resin carbide and has a contact angles θ.sub.A of water on both surfaces in a thickness direction being 0 to 15° and a contact angle θ.sub.B of water in a middle portion in the thickness direction being 0 to 15°. The hydrophilic porous carbon electrode is obtained by forming the carbon fiber and a binder fiber into a sheet, impregnating the sheet into a thermosetting resin, subjecting it to heat press processing, and then subjecting it to carbonization at 400 to 3000° C. in an inert atmosphere. The hydrophilic porous carbon electrode is transported and is subjected to a heat treatment while an oxidizing gas flows at 400 to 800° C. in a direction perpendicular to a direction in which the hydrophilic porous carbon electrode is transported to be subjected to hydrophilization.

An ordered porous nano-network electrode includes a conductive three-dimensional structure having ordered and interconnected pores, and an active layer disposed on a surface of the conductive three-dimensional structure to surround the pores and including an organic active material having a redox center. An amount of the organic active material in a unit area is 0.1 mg/cm.sup.2 to 30 mg/cm.sup.2.

Provided herein are electrochemical cell and/or electrolyzer configurations with membrane-electrode gap and optionally one or more spacers; and methods to use and manufacture the same.

Provided herein are electrochemical cell and/or electrolyzer configurations with membrane-electrode gap and optionally one or more spacers; and methods to use and manufacture the same.

In manufacture of a storage battery electrode containing graphene as a conductive additive, the efficiency of reduction of graphene oxide is reduced with high efficiency under mild conditions, and cycle characteristics and rate characteristics of a storage battery are improved. Provided is a manufacturing method of a storage battery electrode. In the manufacturing method, a paste containing an active material, a binder, graphene oxide, and a solvent is formed; the paste is applied to a current collector and the solvent contained in the paste is evaporated to form an active material layer; the active material layer is immersed in a liquid containing alcohol; and the active material layer is taken out from the liquid and heated so that the graphene oxide is reduced.

The present application relates to a method comprising: (a) providing a battery comprising a manganese oxide composition as a primary active material; and (b) cycling the battery by: (i) galvanostatically discharging the battery to a first V.sub.cell; (ii) galvanostatically charging the battery to a second V.sub.cell; and (iii) potentiostatically charging at the second V.sub.cell for a first defined period of time. The present application also relates to a chemical composition produced by the method above. The present application also relates to a battery comprising one or more chemical species, the one or more chemical species produced by cycling an activated composition.