A lead-acid battery comprising: at least one negative electrode comprising lead-based battery electrode material and at least one region of capacitor material overlying the lead-based battery electrode material, each electrode being in electrical connection to an outer terminal of the battery, and at least one positive lead-dioxide based battery electrode, each positive electrode being in electrical connection to a second outer terminal of the battery, separator interleaving the facing electrodes; electrolyte filling at least the space of the electrodes and separators wherein the capacitor material overlying the lead-based battery electrode material comprises 20-65% by weight of a high electrical conductivity carbonaceous material, 30-70% of a high specific surface area carbonaceous material, at least 0.1% lead and binder.

Batteries comprise a carbon fibre electrode construction of the invention and have improved DCA and/or CCA, and/or may maintain DCA with an increasing number of charge-discharge cycles, and thus may be particularly suitable for use in hybrid vehicles.

A negative electrode material contains an organic anti-shrink agent which is soluble in water, and the organic anti-shrink agent, when extracted from the negative electrode material with an alkali aqueous solution, has an average particle size of not less than 0.1 m and not more than 9 m in sulfuric acid having a specific gravity of 1.25. A lead-acid battery includes a negative electrode plate containing an organic anti-shrink agent having a S element content of 4000 mol/g or more. The negative electrode contains 0.3 mg/cm.sup.3 or more of the S element in the organic anti-shrink agent.

A blended expander formula for use in the preparation of lead acid battery electrodes is disclosed. The mixture comprises fine particle barium sulfate, a first oxylignin, a second oxylignin, and a carbonaceous material. A method, a negative paste, and a negative electrode including the blended expander mixture are also disclosed. A lead-acid absorbent glass mat battery is further disclosed.

A lead-acid battery is disclosed. The lead-acid storage battery has a container with a cover, the container including one or more compartments. One or more cell elements are provided in the one or more compartments. The one or more cell elements include a positive plate, the positive plate having a positive grid and a positive electrochemically active material on the positive grid; a negative plate, the negative plate having a negative grid and a negative electrochemically active material on the negative grid, wherein the negative electrochemically active material comprises barium sulfate and an organic expander; and a separator between the positive plate and the negative plate. Electrolyte is provided within the container. One or more terminal posts extend from the cover and are electrically coupled to the one or more cell elements.

Batteries comprise a carbon fiber electrode construction of the invention and have improved DCA and/or CCA, and/or may maintain DCA with an increasing number of charge-discharge cycles, and thus may be particularly suitable for use in hybrid vehicles.

Solid state battery apparatus are provided. The present disclosure relates to a solid state battery comprising a cell which comprises a cathode, an anode, and a solid electrolyte positioned between the cathode and the anode. The anode comprises first particles comprising silicon and second particles comprising a material configured to form an alloy with lithium. The second particles are substantially softer than the first particles and configured to compensate for size changes of the first particles during charging and discharging cycles of the solid state battery such that, as the first particles expand in size, the second particles are compressed in size at a given pressure applied to the solid state battery and further such that, as the first particles shrink in size, the second particles expand in size at a given pressure applied to the solid state battery.

A lead-acid battery includes a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, and an electrolyte solution. The negative electrode plate includes a negative electrode material. The negative electrode material contains a polymer compound. The polymer compound has a peak in a range of 3.2 ppm or more and 3.8 ppm or less in a chemical shift of .sup.1H-NMR spectrum, or the negative electrode material contains a polymer compound having a repeating structure of oxy C.sub.2-4 alkylene units.

An lead-acid battery is described. The battery includes a carbon fiber electrode having a paste containing a novel additive including one or more carbons, organic expanders, and barium sulfate.

Solid state battery apparatus are provided. The present disclosure relates to a solid state battery comprising a cell which comprises a cathode, an anode, and a solid electrolyte positioned between the cathode and the anode. The anode comprises first particles comprising silicon and second particles comprising a material configured to form an alloy with lithium. The second particles are substantially softer than the first particles and configured to compensate for size changes of the first particles during charging and discharging cycles of the solid state battery such that, as the first particles expand in size, the second particles are compressed in size at a given pressure applied to the solid state battery and further such that, as the first particles shrink in size, the second particles expand in size at a given pressure applied to the solid state battery.