A sodium-ion electrolyte composition for use in an electrochemical cell, the electrolyte composition comprising a mixture of a phosphonium salt and a sodium salt, wherein the electrolyte composition presents as a solid up to at least 25 C.

A sodium-ion electrolyte composition for use in an electrochemical cell, the electrolyte composition comprising a mixture of a phosphonium salt and a sodium salt, wherein the electrolyte composition presents as a solid up to at least 25 C.

Embodiments of the claimed invention are directed to a device, comprising: an anode that includes a lithiated silicon-based or lithiated carbon-based material or pure lithium metal or metal oxides and a sandwich-type sulfur-based cathode, wherein the anode and the cathode are designed to have porous structures. An additional embodiment of the invention is directed to a scalable method of manufacturing sandwich-type LiS batteries at a significantly reduced cost compared to traditional methods. An additional embodiment is directed to the use of exfolidated CNT sponges for enlarging the percentage of sulfur in the cathode to have large energy density.

The present invention provides an electrolyte solution in which a decrease in capacity retention is suppressed and an increase in gas production is suppressed even when stored at high temperatures. Provided is an electrolyte solution containing: a compound (1) represented by formula (1): CF.sub.3CFX.sup.11COOR.sup.11, wherein X.sup.11 is a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, or a C1-C3 alkyl group in which hydrogen atoms are optionally replaced by fluorine atoms, and R.sup.11 is a C1-C3 alkyl group in which hydrogen atoms are optionally replaced by fluorine atoms; a fluorinated carbonate; and a cyclic acid anhydride.

The present invention provides an electrolyte solution in which a decrease in capacity retention is suppressed and an increase in gas production is suppressed even when stored at high temperatures. Provided is an electrolyte solution containing: a compound (1) represented by formula (1): CF.sub.3CFX.sup.11COOR.sup.11, wherein X.sup.11 is a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, or a C1-C3 alkyl group in which hydrogen atoms are optionally replaced by fluorine atoms, and R.sup.11 is a C1-C3 alkyl group in which hydrogen atoms are optionally replaced by fluorine atoms; a fluorinated carbonate; and a cyclic acid anhydride.

A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery which satisfies four requirements is provided. A porous layer contains -form polyvinylidene fluoride-based resin in an amount of not less than 35.0 mol % with respect to 100 mol % of a total amount of (i) the -form polyvinylidene fluoride-based resin and (ii) -form polyvinylidene fluoride-based resin. A porous film has a temperature rise ending period of 2.9 sec.Math.m.sup.2/g to 5.7 sec.Math.m.sup.2/g with respect to an amount of a resin per unit area when the porous film is impregnated with N-methylpyrrolidone containing water in an amount of 3% by weight and then (ii) irradiated, at an output of 1,800 W, with a microwave having a frequency of 2,455 MHz. A positive electrode plate has a capacitance of 1 nF to 1000 nF per measurement area of 900 mm.sup.2. A negative electrode plate has a capacitance of 4 nF to 8500 nF per measurement area of 900 mm.sup.2.

A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery which satisfies four requirements is provided. A porous layer contains -form polyvinylidene fluoride-based resin in an amount of not less than 35.0 mol % with respect to 100 mol % of a total amount of (i) the -form polyvinylidene fluoride-based resin and (ii) -form polyvinylidene fluoride-based resin. A porous film has a temperature rise ending period of 2.9 sec.Math.m.sup.2/g to 5.7 sec.Math.m.sup.2/g with respect to an amount of a resin per unit area when the porous film is impregnated with N-methylpyrrolidone containing water in an amount of 3% by weight and then (ii) irradiated, at an output of 1,800 W, with a microwave having a frequency of 2,455 MHz. A positive electrode plate has a capacitance of 1 nF to 1000 nF per measurement area of 900 mm.sup.2. A negative electrode plate has a capacitance of 4 nF to 8500 nF per measurement area of 900 mm.sup.2.

A solid electrolyte is provided. The solid electrolyte may comprise a compound in which cations including thiophenium and anions including fluorohydrogenate are bonded.

A solid electrolyte is provided. The solid electrolyte may comprise a compound in which cations including thiophenium and anions including fluorohydrogenate are bonded.

The invention concerns a battery (1) comprising at least a first electrode (11) and a second electrode (12), placed at a suitable distance from each other, wherein said battery comprise an active material is between said electrodes (11, 12), said active material comprising: at least one oxygen-containing compound selected from the group consisting of MgO, ZnO, ZrOCl.sub.2, ZrO.sub.2, SiO.sub.2, Bi.sub.2O.sub.3, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, Fe.sub.3O.sub.4, Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 and TiO.sub.2; at least one salt selected from a chloride-containing salt and a sulphate-containing salt; at least one thickener additive selected from the group consisting of agar-agar, xanthan gum, methylcellulose, and gum arabic, and at least one plasticizer additive, wherein the particle size of the at least one oxygen-based compound has an average diameter in the range from 10 nm to 40 m.