A battery includes an electrolytic solution, the electrolytic solution includes an unsaturated cyclic ester carbonate represented by the following Formula (1), ##STR00001## where X is a divalent group in which m-number of >C=CR1R2 and n-number of >CR3R4 are bonded in any order; each of R1 to R4 is one of a hydrogen group, a halogen group, a monovalent hydrocarbon group, a monovalent halogenated hydrocarbon group, a monovalent oxygen-containing hydrocarbon group, and a monovalent halogenated oxygen-containing hydrocarbon group; any two or more of the R1 to the R4 are allowed to be bonded to one another; and m and n satisfy m1 and n0, wherein a content of the unsaturated cyclic ester carbonate in the electrolytic solution is 5 wt % or less, wherein the electrolyte solution further includes one or more of propionate, halogenated ester carbonate, dioxane, sultone, and nitrile.

A negative electrode of a thin film battery and method for forming the same, wherein the negative electrode comprises a porous structural layer, a capacitor layer, and a lithium ion source layer. The porous structural layer is formed on a metal substrate, and a thickness of the porous structural layer is between 200 nm and 700 nm. The capacitor layer is formed on the porous structural layer, and a thickness is between 100 nm and 300 nm. The lithium ion source layer is formed on the capacitor layer. Since the porous structural layer is made of stable material, a problem of charging-discharging instability that is occurred due to damage of battery structure caused by the volume expansion of the capacitor layer during the charging-discharging process can be improved. In addition, the negative electrode can be combined with a positive electrode for forming a thin film battery.

A negative electrode of a thin film battery and method for forming the same, wherein the negative electrode comprises a porous structural layer, a capacitor layer, and a lithium ion source layer. The porous structural layer is formed on a metal substrate, and a thickness of the porous structural layer is between 200 nm and 700 nm. The capacitor layer is formed on the porous structural layer, and a thickness is between 100 nm and 300 nm. The lithium ion source layer is formed on the capacitor layer. Since the porous structural layer is made of stable material, a problem of charging-discharging instability that is occurred due to damage of battery structure caused by the volume expansion of the capacitor layer during the charging-discharging process can be improved. In addition, the negative electrode can be combined with a positive electrode for forming a thin film battery.

A solid electrolyte represented by general formula Li.sub.ySiR.sub.x(MO.sub.4), where x is an integer from 1 to 3 inclusive, y=4?x, each R present is independently C1-C3 alkyl or C1-C3 alkoxy, and M is sulfur, selenium, or tellurium. Methods of making the solid electrolyte include combining a phenylsilane and a first acid to yield mixture including benzene and a second acid, and combining at least one of an alkali halide, and alkali amide, and an alkali alkoxide with the second acid to yield a product d represented by general formula Li.sub.ySiR.sub.x(MO.sub.4).sub.y. The second acid may be in the form of a liquid or a solid. The phenylsilane includes at least one C1-C3 alkyl substituent or at least one C1-C3 alkoxy substituent, and the first acid includes at least one of sulfuric acid, selenic acid, and telluric acid.

A solid electrolyte represented by general formula Li.sub.ySiR.sub.x(MO.sub.4), where x is an integer from 1 to 3 inclusive, y=4?x, each R present is independently C1-C3 alkyl or C1-C3 alkoxy, and M is sulfur, selenium, or tellurium. Methods of making the solid electrolyte include combining a phenylsilane and a first acid to yield mixture including benzene and a second acid, and combining at least one of an alkali halide, and alkali amide, and an alkali alkoxide with the second acid to yield a product d represented by general formula Li.sub.ySiR.sub.x(MO.sub.4).sub.y. The second acid may be in the form of a liquid or a solid. The phenylsilane includes at least one C1-C3 alkyl substituent or at least one C1-C3 alkoxy substituent, and the first acid includes at least one of sulfuric acid, selenic acid, and telluric acid.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) usually crystallize as insoluble powders and their processing for suitable devices has been thought to be limited. Here, it is demonstrated that COFs can be mechanically pressed into shaped objects having anisotropic ordering with preferred orientation between the hk0 and 00l crystallographic planes. Pellets prepared from bulk COF powders impregnated with LiClO.sub.4 displayed room temperature conductivity up to 0.26 mS cm.sup.?1 and stability up to 10.0 V (vs. Li.sup.+/Li.sup.0). This outcome portends use of COFs as solid-state electrolytes in batteries.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) usually crystallize as insoluble powders and their processing for suitable devices has been thought to be limited. Here, it is demonstrated that COFs can be mechanically pressed into shaped objects having anisotropic ordering with preferred orientation between the hk0 and 00l crystallographic planes. Pellets prepared from bulk COF powders impregnated with LiClO.sub.4 displayed room temperature conductivity up to 0.26 mS cm.sup.?1 and stability up to 10.0 V (vs. Li.sup.+/Li.sup.0). This outcome portends use of COFs as solid-state electrolytes in batteries.

A rechargeable lithium battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, a polymer layer on the separator, the polymer layer including a polyvinylidene fluoride based polymer, and an electrolyte solution including an alkyl propionate.

An electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is an electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery including an electrode active material and a carbonaceous film that coats a surface of the electrode active material, in which a hydroxy group and a group which is at least one selected from a carboxyl group, a nitro group, and a sulfo group have been introduced to an outermost surface of the carbonaceous film, a ratio of a total count number of the group which is at least one selected from the carboxyl group, the nitro group, and the sulfo group to a count number of the hydroxy group is 0.001 or more and 10.000 or less when a surface of the carbonaceous film is analyzed through time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to obtain the ratio, a coating ratio of the carbonaceous film is set to 40% or more and 90% or less, and the carbonaceous film has at least one through-hole per 100 square nanometers.

An electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is an electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery including an electrode active material and a carbonaceous film that coats a surface of the electrode active material, in which a hydroxy group and a group which is at least one selected from a carboxyl group, a nitro group, and a sulfo group have been introduced to an outermost surface of the carbonaceous film, a ratio of a total count number of the group which is at least one selected from the carboxyl group, the nitro group, and the sulfo group to a count number of the hydroxy group is 0.001 or more and 10.000 or less when a surface of the carbonaceous film is analyzed through time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to obtain the ratio, a coating ratio of the carbonaceous film is set to 40% or more and 90% or less, and the carbonaceous film has at least one through-hole per 100 square nanometers.