A plurality of battery cells arranged as a cell stack with adjacent lateral walls forming a row includes a case including two lateral walls from among the lateral walls, and a cap assembly capping the case, and including a positive terminal and a negative terminal, and a solid state switch arranged as an element in the cell stack of battery cells and for switchably connect the battery module with an external power grid, the solid state switch including a switch circuit board including a power MOSFET for providing a power stage for performing switching, a back cover and a front cover, the back and front covers forming a housing of the solid state switch and including lateral walls in the same size and shape as the lateral walls of the case of each battery cell.

A wet cell battery, where a first cell in a wet-cell battery includes a set of anode electrodes and a set of cathode electrodes, and where electrically conductive debris accumulates on a surface inside the first cell to an expected height. An anode electrode in the set of anode electrodes has an anode end closest to the surface, and a cathode electrode in the set of cathode electrodes has a cathode end closest to the surface. A first gap distance between the anode end and the surface is different from a second gap distance between the cathode end and the surface. When the electrically conductive debris accumulates up to the expected height, the debris fails to make simultaneous electrical contact with the anode electrode and the cathode electrode due to the different gap distances.

A wet cell battery, where a first cell in a wet-cell battery includes a set of anode electrodes and a set of cathode electrodes, and where electrically conductive debris accumulates on a surface inside the first cell to an expected height. An anode electrode in the set of anode electrodes has an anode end closest to the surface, and a cathode electrode in the set of cathode electrodes has a cathode end closest to the surface. A first gap distance between the anode end and the surface is different from a second gap distance between the cathode end and the surface. When the electrically conductive debris accumulates up to the expected height, the debris fails to make simultaneous electrical contact with the anode electrode and the cathode electrode due to the different gap distances.

A bipolar storage battery has a connection portion of a terminal with a lug portion of a current collector plate that is difficult to corrode. The battery includes a lid covering surrounding portions of frame bodies surrounding one of side surfaces of each cell member. Positive and negative electrode terminal components include connection surfaces exposed to an outer surface of the lid, in which a positive electrode current collector plate includes a positive electrode lug portion. The positive electrode lug portion is connected with the positive electrode terminal component at a point ahead of a location where the positive electrode lug portion penetrates the surrounding portion and the lid. A negative electrode current collector plate includes a negative electrode lug portion, which is connected with the negative electrode terminal component at a point ahead of a location where the negative electrode lug portion penetrates the surrounding portion and the lid.

A bipolar storage battery has a connection portion of a terminal with a lug portion of a current collector plate that is difficult to corrode. The battery includes a lid covering surrounding portions of frame bodies surrounding one of side surfaces of each cell member. Positive and negative electrode terminal components include connection surfaces exposed to an outer surface of the lid, in which a positive electrode current collector plate includes a positive electrode lug portion. The positive electrode lug portion is connected with the positive electrode terminal component at a point ahead of a location where the positive electrode lug portion penetrates the surrounding portion and the lid. A negative electrode current collector plate includes a negative electrode lug portion, which is connected with the negative electrode terminal component at a point ahead of a location where the negative electrode lug portion penetrates the surrounding portion and the lid.

A battery terminal connector for terminating to a battery post of a battery. The battery terminal connector includes a cable attachment portion, a flange portion having a tightening member provided thereon, and a post engaging portion. A guard member is mounted on the flange portion. The guard member is moveable between a first position and a second position. The guard member has a projection which extends over the tightening member when the guard member is in the first position. The projection is removed from the tightening member when the battery terminal connector is properly positioned relative to the battery post and the guard member is in the second position. The battery terminal connector can only be terminated to the battery post when the battery terminal connector is properly positioned relative to the battery post.

A process and apparatus for continuously mixing and applying paste to battery grids for use in lead-acid battery systems, in which particulate lead oxide, water and sulphuric acid are reacted in an elongated mixer having a mixing to conveying ratio of about 65:35 to 80:20 with controlled reaction temperature for an exit product temperature in the range of above 60 C. to about 80 C. Additives including reinforcing fibers can be added in an amount up to 0.6 wt % of the lead oxide and carbon and graphite powder can be added in an amount up to 6 wt % of the lead oxide.

A lead-acid battery including: a power generating element; and a container accommodating the power generating element and having a narrowed portion that is partially provided at an outer wall and reduces an internal space, wherein the container has a corner of a thick portion that is thickened inward within a range not inwardly beyond the narrowed portion to be thicker than the outer wall.

A lead-acid battery including: a power generating element; and a container accommodating the power generating element and having a narrowed portion that is partially provided at an outer wall and reduces an internal space, wherein the container has a corner of a thick portion that is thickened inward within a range not inwardly beyond the narrowed portion to be thicker than the outer wall.

Various systems and methods are presented in which lead acid batteries are serviced by removal, reconditioning, and refilling reconditioned battery paste into an assembly of typically bipolar electrodes that may be retained in a reusable housing and/or compression mechanism. Preferably, such batteries will include electrodes having a layer of a Magneli phase of a transition metal suboxide to so provide enhanced electrochemical and mechanical strength. and the battery paste may further include porous particles a Magneli phase of a transition metal suboxide to so provide enhanced electrolyte performance.