An electrochemical cell comprising: a negative electrode comprising lithium and aluminum; a positive electrode, separate from the negative electrode, comprising a liquid phase having zinc; a liquid electrolyte, disposed between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, comprising a salt of lithium and a salt of zinc; and a bipolar faradaic membrane, disposed between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, having a first surface facing the negative electrode and a second surface facing the positive electrode, the bipolar faradaic membrane configured to allow cations of lithium to pass through and configured to impede cations of zinc from transferring from the positive electrode to the negative electrode, the bipolar faradaic membrane at least partially formed from a material having an electronic conductivity sufficient to drive faradaic reactions at the second surface with the cations of the positive electrode.

An aspect of the present invention relates to a negative electrode for a sodium molten salt battery, the negative electrode including a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode mixture layer arranged on a surface of the negative electrode current collector, the negative electrode mixture layer including negative electrode active material particles and a film arranged on a surface of each of the negative electrode active material particles, the negative electrode active material particles containing hard carbon, and the film containing a sodium-containing sulfide.

A process for treating an electrochemical cell is presented. The process includes charging the electrochemical cell in a discharged state to at least 20 percent state-of-charge of an accessible capacity of the electrochemical cell at a first temperature to attain the electrochemical cell in a partial state-of-charge or a full state-of-charge and holding the electrochemical cell in the corresponding partial state-of-charge or full state-of-charge at a second temperature. The first temperature and the second temperature are higher than an operating temperature of the electrochemical cell.

Square section liquid metal batteries (LMBs) with a grid device to suppress instabilities of fluids. The LMBs include a shell, negative current collector, negative material, metallic nets/plates, grid device, electrolyte, positive material, rectangular holes on partitions of grid device, and positive current collector. The positive material, electrolyte, and negative material are filled in the shell and automatically stratified from bottom to top according to the density from large to small. The negative current collector is linked with negative material, and the positive current collector is linked with positive material. The grid device is composed of partitions which cross each other and pass through the negative material, the electrolyte vertically in sequence, and extend inside the positive material. There are rectangular holes opened on the grid device, and the vertical height of each rectangular hole is larger than the biggest displacement of electrolyte during charging and discharging processes.

Provided herein are energy storage devices. In some cases, the energy storage devices are capable of being transported on a vehicle and storing a large amount of energy. An energy storage device is provided comprising at least one liquid metal electrode, an energy storage capacity of at least about 1 MWh and a response time less than or equal to about 100 milliseconds (ms).

Provided herein are energy storage devices. In some cases, the energy storage devices are capable of being transported on a vehicle and storing a large amount of energy. An energy storage device is provided comprising at least one liquid metal electrode, an energy storage capacity of at least about 1 MWh and a response time less than or equal to about 100 milliseconds (ms).

Provided herein are energy storage devices. In some cases, the energy storage devices are capable of being transported on a vehicle and storing a large amount of energy. An energy storage device is provided comprising at least one liquid metal electrode, an energy storage capacity of at least about 1 MWh and a response time less than or equal to about 100 milliseconds (ms).

Provided herein are energy storage devices. In some cases, the energy storage devices are capable of being transported on a vehicle and storing a large amount of energy. An energy storage device is provided comprising at least one liquid metal electrode, an energy storage capacity of at least about 1 MWh and a response time less than or equal to about 100 milliseconds (ms).

An electrolyte element (10) comprises a perforated sheet (11) of non-reactive metal such as an aluminium-bearing ferritic steel, and a non-permeable ceramic layer (16b) of sodium-ion-conducting ceramic bonded to one face of the perforated sheet (11) by a porous ceramic sub-layer (16a). The perforated sheet (11) may be of thickness in the range 50 μm up to 500 μm, and the thickness of the non-permeable ceramic layer (16b) may be no more than 50 μm, for example 20 μm or 10 μm. Thus the electrolyte properties are provided by the non-permeable thin layer (16b) of ceramic, while mechanical strength is provided by the perforated sheet (11). The electrolyte element (10) may be used in a rechargeable molten sodium-metal halide cell, in particular a sodium/nickel chloride cell (20). It makes cells with increased power density possible.

Provided herein are energy storage devices. In some cases, the energy storage devices are capable of being transported on a vehicle and storing a large amount of energy. An energy storage device is provided comprising at least one liquid metal electrode, an energy storage capacity of at least about 1 MWh and a response time less than or equal to about 100 milliseconds (ms).