Improved high energy capacity designs for lithium ion batteries are described that take advantage of the properties of high specific capacity anode active compositions and high specific capacity cathode active compositions. In particular, specific electrode designs provide for achieving very high energy densities. Furthermore, the complex behavior of the active materials is used advantageously in a radical electrode balancing design that significantly reduced wasted electrode capacity in either electrode when cycling under realistic conditions of moderate to high discharge rates and/or over a reduced depth of discharge.

(a) A battery including a power storage element and an electrolytic solution is assembled. (b) Initial charging is performed on the battery. (c) Alternate charging and discharging are performed on the battery after the initial charging. In the alternate charging and discharging, charging and discharging are alternately performed once or more respectively at a voltage between 4.0 V and 4.1 V and a current rate of 0.6 C or higher. The total number of times of charging and discharging is 3 or greater. The charging is performed such that the voltage changes by 0.05 V or higher and 0.1 V or lower whenever the charging is performed once. The discharging is performed such that the voltage changes by 0.05 V or higher and 0.1 V or lower whenever the discharging is performed once.

A method for non-invasive characterisation of a cell for a battery is provided, the method comprising: measuring a magnetic field generated by the cell using a plurality of magnetic field sensors positioned adjacent to the cell, the measuring producing magnetic field sensor data, wherein the measuring is performed while the cell is in a passive state; determining current density profile data across the cell based on the magnetic field sensor data; and determining a condition of the cell using the current density profile data.

Provided is a method for determining the wetting degree of a lithium ion battery cell using a low current test. The wetting degree determination method according to the present disclosure includes a) obtaining, as a reference charge profile, a charge profile recorded while charging a reference battery cell having undergone receiving an electrode assembly and an electrolyte solution in a case, assembling and pre-aging with a low current of 0.01 C-rate or less, b) measuring and recording a charge profile while charging another battery cell having undergone receiving an electrode assembly and an electrolyte solution in a case, assembling and pre-aging with a low current of 0.01 C-rate or less in the same way as the reference battery cell, and c) determining the wetting degree of another battery cell relative to the reference battery cell by comparative analysis of the reference charge profile and the measured charge profile.

A solid electrolyte interface is formed on a silicon monoxide electrode in a battery cell. While the solid electrolyte interface is being formed on the silicon monoxide electrode, the battery cell is charged for one or more initial cycles.

Systems and methods for charging and discharging a plurality of batteries are described herein. In some embodiments, a system includes a battery module, an energy storage system electrically coupled to the battery module, a power source, and a controller. The energy storage system is operable in a first operating state in which energy is transferred from the energy storage system to the battery module to charge the battery module, and a second operating state in which energy is transferred from the battery module to the energy storage system to discharge the battery module. The power source electrically coupled to the energy storage system and is configured to transfer energy from the power source to the energy storage system based on an amount of stored energy in the energy storage system. The controller is operably coupled to the battery module and is configured to monitor and control a charging state of the battery module.

A battery can include a separator, a first current collector, a protective layer, and a first electrode. The first current collector and the protective layer can be disposed on one side of the separator. The first electrode can be disposed on an opposite side of the separator as the first current collector and the protective layer. Subjecting the battery to an activation process can cause metal to be extracted from the first electrode and deposited between the first current collector and the protective layer. The metal can be deposited to at least form a second electrode between the first current collector and the protective layer.

A composition for forming an artificial sold electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer includes a polymer, an artificial SEI forming salt, and a solvent. The polymer and the artificial SEI forming salt are dispersed in the solvent.

A method for calculating the process capacity at a specific temperature of a lithium secondary battery includes a correction to a process capacity (Q.sub.3) at a specific temperature (T.sub.2) is performed using a value (Q.sub.1−Q.sub.2) obtained by subtracting the charge capacity (Q.sub.2) at the time of the shipping charge from the discharge capacity (Q.sub.1) measured at a discharge temperature (T.sub.1). A system for calculating a process capacity of a lithium secondary battery is provided.

Solid-state lithium-ion cells described herein can operate at pressures. In some embodiments, the solid-state lithium-ion cells undergo little or no volume change during cycling. A conditioning process that that significantly improves the performance of a cell at reduced pressures can involve cycling the cell at high pressure.