A method for synchronising a first gateway of a LoRa network, intended to enable the first gateway to function according to the class B communication mode of the LoRaWAN protocol. The method relies on at least one reception of a synchronisation frame by the first gateway, each synchronisation frame having been transmitted by a second class B gateway in the LoRa network, equipped with synchronisation means and designated by a server. The first gateway uses an instant of reception of each synchronisation frame that it receives in order to synchronise beacon transmissions used in the implementation of the class B communication mode with beacon transmissions made by other class B gateways in the LoRa network.

In an example embodiment disclosed herein, a first clock is allowed to synchronize with a second clock as long as the time difference between the first and second clocks is less than a predefined limit. If the time difference between the clocks is not less than the predefined limit, the first clock does not synchronize with the second clock until a predefined activity has occurred.

A method for determining a clock synchronization path, and a device, where the method includes determining a first clock synchronization path from a clock injection node of the first network to the first network element based on a request of the first network element and the clock synchronization topology of the first network. A clock synchronization topology is automatically updated based on clock synchronization capability information of a network element, and a clock synchronization path is determined to reduce costs of deploying a clock synchronization path.

A station (STA) receives a schedule from a reference device in a wireless network. The schedule provides a measurement time for each of one or more wireless channels. The STA tunes to a first channel of the one or more wireless channels in accordance with the schedule. While tuned to the first channel in accordance with the schedule, the STA receives a first message from a first access point (AP). The first message, which includes a time-of-departure timestamp from the reference device, is time-stamped with a time-of-arrival timestamp. The STA receives an indication of a time at which the reference device received the first message from the first AP. The STA determines its position based in part on the time-of-departure timestamp, the time-of-arrival timestamp, and the time at which the reference device received the first message.

For determining a temporal reference and/or at least one spatial reference, in a communication system comprising a plurality of gathering gateways configured to transmit beacons, a device performs for each beacon: obtaining (502) therefrom information on current geolocation of the gathering gateway that transmitted said beacon; obtaining (503) therefrom information representing a communication technology used for determining said current geolocation; and obtaining (504) therefrom information indicating whether said current geolocation was determined by internal means or by external means. The device then uses (509) the information thus obtained for determining the temporal reference for synchronizing in time and frequency said device and/or the spatial reference or references for determining the geolocation of said device.

The present invention is related to an authentication system of synchronizing instant timestamp issued by a digital timestamp device and a method thereof. The digital timestamp device provides an instant machine time, and the provider end uses the digital timestamp device to stamp an instant digital timestamp on a digital content. Meanwhile, the provider end records the position of the digital content whereon the digital timestamp is stamped as a stamp position, and store the digital content, the instant digital timestamp, the stamp position, and the network location information together as a reliable digital content. The receiver end can retrieve the reliable digital content from a third party end or connect to the provider end to confirm whether the reliable digital content has the identical instant digital timestamp and stamp position to ensure the authenticity of the received reliable digital content.

Apparatuses, computer readable media, and methods for uplink and downlink sounding for wireless networks are disclosed. An apparatus of a wireless device is disclosed. The apparatus comprising processing circuity configured to: encode a trigger frame for sounding (TF-S), the TF-S comprising an indication of whether a sounding is for uplink (UL) sounding or (DL) sounding, and the TF-S comprising an indication of stations to participate in the UL sounding or the DL sounding; and configure the wireless device to transmit the TF-S to the stations. The processing circuitry may be further configured to: if the sounding is for the DL sounding, encode a null data packet announcement (NDP-A), encode a null data packet (NDP), configure the wireless device to transmit the NDP-A, and configure the wireless device to transmit the NDP.

A serializer circuit may include a recovery circuit, an adjusting circuit, and a multiplexer circuit. The recovery circuit may be configured to receive a first data signal at a first frequency, to generate a first clock signal at the first frequency using the first data signal, and to retime the first data signal based on the first clock signal to generate a retimed first data signal. The adjusting circuit may be configured to receive a second data signal and retime the second data signal based on the first clock signal to generate a retimed second data signal. The multiplexer circuit may be configured to multiplex the retimed first data signal and the retimed second data signal.

A method and system is provided for clock synchronization between two devices comprising a clock. The method comprises the following steps: a step of determining a duration necessary for transmission of a data packet between the two devices, a step of sending by one of the devices a data packet containing a sending time of this packet, and a step of determining the time by the other device by adding the transmission duration to the sending time of the packet.

In an example embodiment disclosed herein, a first clock is allowed to synchronize with a second clock as long as the time difference between the first and second clocks is less than a predefined limit. If the time difference between the clocks is not less than the predefined limit, the first clock does not synchronize with the second clock until a predefined activity has occurred.