Provided are plasma processes for producing graphene nanosheets comprising injecting into a thermal zone of a plasma a carbon-containing substance at a velocity of at least 60 m/s standard temperature and pressure STP to nucleate the graphene nano sheets, and quenching the graphene nanosheets with a quench gas of no more than 1000 C. The injecting of the carbon-containing substance may be carried out using a plurality of jets. The graphene nanosheets may have a Raman G/D ratio greater than or equal to 3 and a 2D/G ratio greater than or equal to 0.8, as measured using an incident laser wavelength of 514 nm. The graphene nanosheets may be produced at a rate of at least 80 g/h. The graphene nanosheets can have a polyaromatic hydrocarbon concentration of less than about 0.7% by weight.

A high-frequency power supply unit (2) supplies high-frequency power to an induction coil. A status determination processing unit (81) determines a status of a plasma generator based on a change in a frequency of the high-frequency power supplied to the induction coil by the high-frequency power supply unit (2). By determining the status of the plasma generator based on the change in the frequency of the high-frequency power supplied to the induction coil, it is possible to more accurately determine the status of the device based on stable determination criteria.

A high-frequency power supply unit (2) supplies high-frequency power to an induction coil. A status determination processing unit (81) determines a status of a plasma generator based on a change in a frequency of the high-frequency power supplied to the induction coil by the high-frequency power supply unit (2). By determining the status of the plasma generator based on the change in the frequency of the high-frequency power supplied to the induction coil, it is possible to more accurately determine the status of the device based on stable determination criteria.

Provided is a plasma generation apparatus including: a housing in which a window is defined at one side in a first direction; a stick type plasma source provided in the housing to generate plasma toward the window; and a driving unit coupled to the plasma source to allow one end of the plasma source to perform a reciprocating movement in a second direction that is a longitudinal direction of the window.

A plasma treatment system includes a plasma arc torch, a tee attached to a hollow electrode nozzle of the plasma arc torch, and a screw feed unit or a ram feed unit having an inlet and an outlet attached to the tee. The plasma arc torch includes a cylindrical vessel having a first end and a second end, a first tangential inlet/outlet connected to or proximate to the first end, a second tangential inlet/outlet connected to or proximate to the second end, an electrode housing connected to the first end of the cylindrical vessel such that a first electrode is (a) aligned with a longitudinal axis of the cylindrical vessel, and (b) extends into the cylindrical vessel, and a hollow electrode nozzle connected to the second end of the cylindrical vessel such that a centerline of the hollow electrode nozzle is aligned with the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical vessel.

A plasma treatment system includes a plasma arc torch, a tee attached to a hollow electrode nozzle of the plasma arc torch, and a screw feed unit or a ram feed unit having an inlet and an outlet attached to the tee. The plasma arc torch includes a cylindrical vessel having a first end and a second end, a first tangential inlet/outlet connected to or proximate to the first end, a second tangential inlet/outlet connected to or proximate to the second end, an electrode housing connected to the first end of the cylindrical vessel such that a first electrode is (a) aligned with a longitudinal axis of the cylindrical vessel, and (b) extends into the cylindrical vessel, and a hollow electrode nozzle connected to the second end of the cylindrical vessel such that a centerline of the hollow electrode nozzle is aligned with the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical vessel.

A process and system for the extraction of metals and gases contained on planets and asteroids (mining and refining) and for space debris remediation may include geographically localizing a material to be extracted/remediated; performing a risk analysis on the material to determine whether the material presents a serious risk of instantaneous fracture or disaggregation; using the risk analysis to qualify or refuse the material; capturing and stabilizing the qualified material in an ablation cylinder on a plasma machine (PERT station); deploying multiple magnetic hydraulic cylinders around the qualified material; equalizing and stabilizing the PERT station and the qualified material; performing ablation and destruction of the qualified material; and transforming pure elements from the ablation cylinder.

Provided is a plasma generation apparatus including: a housing in which a window is defined at one side in a first direction; a stick type plasma source provided in the housing to generate plasma toward the window; and a driving unit coupled to the plasma source to allow one end of the plasma source to perform a reciprocating movement in a second direction that is a longitudinal direction of the window.

In various embodiments, a reflector lamp having a longitudinal axis is provided. The reflector lamp may include: a reflector which has a contour and a neck, with a pin base resting at the end of said neck, a light source arranged in the reflector, wherein the light source is fastened in the reflector with the aid of a mounting clip, which simultaneously adjusts the light source, wherein the mounting clip comprises three sections, namely a first section which holds the light source, a second section which serves for the adjustment in the neck and a third section which is used for the base connection.

In various embodiments, a reflector lamp having a longitudinal axis is provided. The reflector lamp may include: a reflector which has a contour and a neck, with a pin base resting at the end of said neck, a light source arranged in the reflector, wherein the light source is fastened in the reflector with the aid of a mounting clip, which simultaneously adjusts the light source, wherein the mounting clip comprises three sections, namely a first section which holds the light source, a second section which serves for the adjustment in the neck and a third section which is used for the base connection.