A method for manufacturing an electrochemical device includes the following steps: a step of preparing a positive electrode, the positive electrode including a first current collector and a positive electrode layer containing a conductive polymer; a step of preparing a negative electrode, the negative electrode including a second current collector and a negative electrode layer; and a step of sealing the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and an electrolytic solution in an exterior body. The step of preparing the positive electrode includes a step of holding the positive electrode in depressurized atmosphere and then introducing gas containing CO.sub.2 as a primary component into the depressurized atmosphere.

A conductive substrate for a working electrode for a biological sensor includes a plastic substrate comprising an organic polymer or a thermoplastic. A carbon compound is on the plastic substrate. The carbon compound includes an elastomeric material and a carbon material from an aqueous solution. The carbon compound includes at least two materials from a group of carbon black, graphene, pyrolytic carbon, pyrolytic graphite, and diamagnetic graphite. The conductive substrate receives and transfers free electrons generated by an enzyme in the working electrode.

A conductive substrate for a working electrode for a biological sensor includes a plastic substrate comprising an organic polymer or a thermoplastic. A carbon compound is on the plastic substrate. The carbon compound includes an elastomeric material and a carbon material from an aqueous solution. The carbon compound includes at least two materials from a group of carbon black, graphene, pyrolytic carbon, pyrolytic graphite, and diamagnetic graphite. The conductive substrate receives and transfers free electrons generated by an enzyme in the working electrode.

Discovering high capacity and high rate cathodic materials is of paramount importance for the further development of electrochemical energy storage devices. Reported herein is a perfluoroalkylated polymer, integrated with an electronically-conductive backbone and an electron transfer catalyst unit that can serve as a new type of cathodic material reaching practical specific capacity of 919 mAh/g at 2.5 C discharging rate and over 700 mAh/g at 16 C discharging rate. A prepolarization treatment of the cathodic materials further increases working voltage to over 2.1 V versus Li/Li.sup.+ in classical PC/LiPF.sub.6 electrolyte solution giving maximum specific capacity of 1028 mAh/g and specific energy of 2159 mWh/g.

A battery having a polyvalent metal as the electrochemically active material in the anode which also includes a solid ionically conductive polymer material.

The present invention relates to a polymer-sulfur copolymer, a preparation method thereof, and a lithium-sulfur battery including the same.

In the case of the polymer-sulfur copolymer according to the present invention, since the carrier is polymerized, there is no possibility that the carrier is eluted, and since the sulfur is covalently bonded to the polymer and uniformly distributed in a certain size in the copolymer, when used as a positive electrode active material for the lithium-sulfur battery, the problem of elution of the polysulfide can be improved. In addition, the polymer-sulfur copolymer according to the present invention has a high sulfur impregnation amount, thereby making it possible to realize a high capacity battery.

An electrode composite material is disclosed in the invention. The electrode composite material comprises AB.sub.xC.sub.yD.sub.z, wherein A is selected from at least one of polypyrrole, polyacrylonitrile, and polyacrylonitrile copolymer; B comprises sulfur, C is selected from carbon material; D is selected from metal oxides, 1x20, 0y<1, and 0z<1. Comparing to the prior art, the conductivity of the electrode composite material is obviously increased, the material is dispersed uniformly and the size of the material is small. The electrochemical performance of the electrode composite material is improved. It has a good cycle life and high discharging capacity efficiency. A method for manufacturing the electrode composite material, a positive electrode using the electrode composite material and a battery including the same are also disclosed in the invention.

An electrode composite material is disclosed in the invention. The electrode composite material comprises AB.sub.xC.sub.yD.sub.z, wherein A is selected from at least one of polypyrrole, polyacrylonitrile, and polyacrylonitrile copolymer; B comprises sulfur, C is selected from carbon material; D is selected from metal oxides, 1x20, 0y<1, and 0z<1. Comparing to the prior art, the conductivity of the electrode composite material is obviously increased, the material is dispersed uniformly and the size of the material is small. The electrochemical performance of the electrode composite material is improved. It has a good cycle life and high discharging capacity efficiency. A method for manufacturing the electrode composite material, a positive electrode using the electrode composite material and a battery including the same are also disclosed in the invention.

A battery, having polyvalent aluminum metal as the electrochemically active anode material and also including a solid ionically conducting polymer material.

A battery, having polyvalent aluminum metal as the electrochemically active anode material and also including a solid ionically conducting polymer material.