A solid-state battery (20) with a solid electrolyte (8) and to the method for producing same. The method includes: protonating a body (11) made of, a protonatable ceramic material, to form a protonated layer (12, 13) on the body (11); deprotonating the protonated layer (13) to obtain a porous layer provided with mini-cavities (18); depositing a metal element forming an anode (14) on the deprotonated layer (13) on a first side (7) of the body (11), and infiltrating mini-cavities (18) of the porous layer by the metal element, and assembling a cathode (15) on a second side (9) of the body (11), preferably opposite the first side (7) of the anode (14).

A porous electrode and methods of making the same are described. The porous electrode is comprised of a porous conductive layer and an insulating layer, where the pores inside the conductive layer function as mini-containers for the active metals for rechargeable batteries, and the insulating layer covers the top surface of the conductive layer and blocks the sites where active metal dendrites would otherwise preferentially grow. An example of such electrodes is a porous copper foil with top surface coated with polyvinylene difluoride. Electrochemical cells containing the invented electrodes, such as rechargeable lithium battery, sodium battery and aluminum battery, have good cycle life and safety performance.

Articles and methods related to passivation materials on alkaline earth metals are generally described.

An anode of a battery comprises sodium metal, and a dopant, in the sodium metal. The anode has a thickness of at most 80 .Math.m, and the dopant is a metal with an electronegativity greater than sodium. A battery includes an anode, an anode charge collecting element in contact with the anode, a cathode, a cathode charge collecting element in contact with the cathode, an electrolyte in contact with the anode and the cathode, and a housing, enclosing the anode, anode charge colleting element, cathode, cathode charge collecting element and electrolyte. The anode in the battery comprises sodium metal doped with a dopant, and the dopant is present in an amount of 0.01 to 1.0 atomic percent.

In some aspects, the present disclosure is directed to fluorinated electrodes that comprises layers of AF.sub.x, where A is a single-element material selected from B, Al, Si, and P or a multi-element material comprising two different elements selected from B, C, N, Al, Si, and P, where F is fluorine, where x is the degree to which A is fluorinated on an atom basis, and where x is between 0.5 to 20. In other aspects, the present disclosure is directed to batteries that contain such fluorinated electrodes and to methods of making such fluorinated electrodes.

It is an object to provide an electrode laminate and a secondary battery capable of reducing manufacturing costs and preventing non-uniform electrode reactions during charging and discharging. An electrode laminate (1) includes a plurality of sheet-shaped negative electrodes (2), a plurality of sheet-shaped solid electrolytes (3), and a plurality of sheet-shaped positive electrodes (4). The plurality of negative electrodes (2), the plurality of solid electrolytes (3), and the plurality of positive electrodes (4) are laminated together within a predetermined range. The negative electrode current collecting part (2A) and the positive electrode current collecting part (4A) each have a shape that tapers toward a direction away from the predetermined range.

This positive electrode includes a current collector, an intermediate layer which is formed at least on one surface of the current collector, and a composite material layer which is formed on the intermediate layer. The intermediate layer includes metal compound particles, a conductive material, and a binding material. The metal compound particles comprise at least one selected from a sulfated oxide, hydroxide, or oxide of alkali earth metal or alkali metal.

There is disclosed a method of connecting a lithium electrode to a contact lead in a rechargeable battery. The electrode comprises a sheet or foil of lithium or lithium alloy with a tab protruding from an edge of the sheet or foil. The contact lead comprises an electrically conductive lead with an end portion made of a second metal that does not alloy with lithium and has a plurality of through holes. The end portion of the contact lead and the tab of the electrode are positioned so that there is substantial overlap between the end portion and the tab. The metal of the tab is then caused, for example by pressing and welding, to penetrate through the through holes of the end portion so as to join the electrode to the contact lead. A combination electrode/contact lead assembly made by this method is also disclosed.

A polymer solid electrolyte for an electrochemical device including a magnesium electrode as a negative electrode, the polymer solid electrolyte including a Mg polymer salt containing Mg.sup.2+ and an anionic polymer having an anionic functional group and a coordinating functional group, and the polymer solid electrolyte having Mg ion conductivity.

Provided herein are energy storage devices. In some cases, the energy storage devices are capable of being transported on a vehicle and storing a large amount of energy. An energy storage device is provided comprising at least one liquid metal electrode, an energy storage capacity of at least about 1 MWh and a response time less than or equal to about 100 milliseconds (ms).