Battery electrode compositions and methods of fabrication are provided that utilize composite particles. Each of the composite particles may comprise, for example, a high-capacity active material and a porous, electrically-conductive scaffolding matrix material. The active material may store and release ions during battery operation, and may exhibit (i) a specific capacity of at least 220 mAh/g as a cathode active material or (ii) a specific capacity of at least 400 mAh/g as an anode active material. The active material may be disposed in the pores of the scaffolding matrix material. According to various designs, each composite particle may exhibit at least one material property that changes from the center to the perimeter of the scaffolding matrix material.

An intermediate temperature sodium-halogen secondary cell that includes a negative electrode compartment housing a negative, molten sodium-based electrode and a positive electrode compartment housing a current collector disposed in a highly conductive molten positive electrolyte. A sodium halide (NaX) positive electrode is disposed in a molten positive electrolyte comprising one or more AlX.sub.3 salts, wherein X may be the same or different halogen selected from Cl, Br, and I, wherein the ratio of NaX to AlX.sub.3 is greater than or equal to one. A sodium ion conductive solid electrolyte membrane separates the molten sodium negative electrode from the molten positive electrolyte. The secondary cell operates at a temperature in the range from about 80 C. to 210 C.

A battery electrode composition is provided that comprises composite particles. Each composite particle may comprise, for example, active lithium fluoride/metal nanocomposite material optionally embedded into a nanoporous, electrically-conductive skeleton matrix material particle(s), where each of these composite particles is further encased in a Li-ion permeable, chemically and mechanically robust, protective outer shell that is impermeable to electrolyte solvent molecules. The active lithium fluoride/metal nanocomposite material is provided to store and release Li ions during battery operation.

A main object of the present disclosure is to provide a novel cathode active material that may be used for a fluoride ion battery. The present disclosure achieves the object by providing a cathode active material used for a fluoride ion battery, comprising a composition represented by Pb.sub.2xCu.sub.1+xF.sub.6, wherein 0x<2.

The present invention relates to a silicon-based anode active material and a method for manufacturing the same. The silicon-based anode active material according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises: particles comprising silicon and oxygen combined with the silicon, and having a carbon-based conductive film coated on the outermost periphery thereof; and boron doped inside the particles, wherein with respect to the total weight of the particles and the doped boron, the boron is included in the amount of 0.01 weight % to 17 weight %, and the oxygen is included in the amount of 16 weight % to 29 weight %.

An lithium-iodine electrochemical cell and method of making is described. The cell comprises a lithium anode and a cathode of a charge transfer complex which includes iodine and preferably polyvinylpyridine. The iodine-containing cathode is in operative contact with both the anode the cell casing serving as the cathode current collector. Preferably the casing is composed of stainless steel that has been thermally annealed at temperatures of 1,800 F. or less. The annealed stainless steel has a grain size of about ASTM 7 or finer. When the iodine-containing cathode material in liquid form is filled into the casing, it contacts the inner casing surface. The passivation layer that subsequently forms at the contact interface affects cell impedance during discharge. It is desirable to maintain the internal impedance as low as possible.

A battery includes: an anode; an electrolyte including: an oxidizing gas; an active cathode material including a metal halide; and a solvent including a heterocyclic compound; and a current collector contacting the active cathode material.

A battery electrode composition is provided that comprises composite particles. Each composite particle may comprise, for example, active lithium fluoride/metal nanocomposite material optionally embedded into a nanoporous, electrically-conductive skeleton matrix material particle(s), where each of these composite particles is further encased in a Li-ion permeable, chemically and mechanically robust, protective outer shell that is impermeable to electrolyte solvent molecules. The active lithium fluoride/metal nanocomposite material is provided to store and release Li ions during battery operation.

Disclosed are cathodes having electron-conductive high-surface-area materials, aqueous non-halide-containing electrolytes, secondary zinc-iodine energy storage devices using the same, and methods for assembling the same. The disclosed high-surface-area materials and the aqueous non-halide-containing electrolyte solutions can contribute together to the confinement of the active iodine species in the cathode and to the minimization of shuttle effects and self-discharging. The non-halide-containing electrolyte salts can facilitate preferential adsorption of the iodine species to the cathode material rather than dissolution in the aqueous electrolyte solution, thereby contributing to the confinement of the active iodine species.

The disclosure set forth herein is directed to battery devices and methods therefor. More specifically, embodiments of the instant disclosure provide a battery electrode that comprises both intercalation chemistry material and conversion chemistry material, which can be used in automotive applications. There are other embodiments as well.