Sodium-halogen secondary cell

Abstract

An intermediate temperature sodium-halogen secondary cell that includes a negative electrode compartment housing a negative, molten sodium-based electrode and a positive electrode compartment housing a current collector disposed in a highly conductive molten positive electrolyte. A sodium halide (NaX) positive electrode is disposed in a molten positive electrolyte comprising one or more AlX.sub.3 salts, wherein X may be the same or different halogen selected from Cl, Br, and I, wherein the ratio of NaX to AlX.sub.3 is greater than or equal to one. A sodium ion conductive solid electrolyte membrane separates the molten sodium negative electrode from the molten positive electrolyte. The secondary cell operates at a temperature in the range from about 80 C. to 210 C.

Claims

1. A sodium-halogen secondary cell, comprising: a negative electrode compartment comprising a negative electrode that comprises metallic sodium in molten or solid state, wherein the negative electrode electrochemically oxidizes to release sodium ions during discharge and electrochemically reduces sodium ions to form sodium metal during recharge; a positive electrode compartment consisting of: a NaX positive electrode disposed in a mixed molten positive electrolyte consisting of one or more NaAlX.sub.4 salts, wherein X is the same or different element selected from Cl, Br, and I; additional NaX or a mixture of NaX compounds present in a molar ratio of the additional NaX or mixture of NaX compounds to the mixed molten positive electrolyte of 1:1 to 3:1; and a current collector; and a sodium ion conductive solid electrolyte membrane comprising a NaSICON-type material and that separates the negative electrode compartment from the positive electrode compartment; and wherein: the overall battery chemistry of the sodium-halogen secondary cell is 2Na+X.sub.2.Math.2Na.sup.++2X.sup.; and the additional NaX or mixture of NaX compounds are present in a solid phase at operating temperature of the sodium-halogen secondary cell.

2. The secondary cell of claim 1, wherein the mixed molten positive electrolyte is a mixture of two different NaAlX.sub.4 salts represented by the general formula NaAlX.sub.4X.sub., where 0<<4, wherein X and X are different elements selected from Cl, Br and I.

3. The secondary cell of claim 2, wherein the two different NaAlX.sub.4 salts have the general formula NaAlX.sub.4 and NaAlX.sub.4 at various molar ratios.

4. The secondary cell of claim 3, wherein the molar ratio of NaAlX.sub.4 to NaAlX.sub.4 is in the range of 9:1 to 1:9 with corresponding values of 0.4 to 3.6.

5. The secondary cell of claim 3, wherein the molar ratio of the additional NaX or mixture of NaX compounds to the mixed molten positive electrolyte is greater than 1:1 to 3:1 of NaX:NaAlX.sub.4X.sub..

6. The secondary cell of claim 1, wherein the secondary cell operates at a temperature between 80 C. and 210 C.

7. The secondary cell of claim 1, wherein the mixed molten positive electrolyte is a mixture of three different NaAlX.sub.4 salts and is represented by the general formula NaAlX.sub.4X.sub.X.sub., where X, X and X are three different elements selected from Cl, Br, and I, where 0<<4, 0<<4, and 0<+<4.

8. The secondary cell of claim 7, wherein the three different NaAlX.sub.4 salts have the formula NaAlCl.sub.4, NaAlBr.sub.4, and NaAI.sub.4, at various molar ratios.

9. The secondary cell of claim 7, wherein the additional NaX or mixture of NaX compounds are present in a molar ratio of the additional NaX or mixture of NaX compounds to the mixed molten positive electrolyte ranging from greater than 1:1 to 3:1 of NaX:NaAlX.sub.4X.sub.X.sub., where 0<<4, 0<<4, and 0<+<4.

10. The secondary cell of claim 1, wherein the current collector comprises at least one of carbon, tungsten, molybdenum, and titanium.

11. The secondary cell of claim 1, wherein the current collector comprises at least one of wires, felts, foils, plates, parallel plates, tubes, meshes, mesh screens, and foams.

12. A sodium-halogen secondary cell, comprising: a negative electrode compartment comprising a negative electrode that comprises metallic sodium in molten state, wherein the negative electrode electrochemically oxidizes to release sodium ions during discharge and electrochemically reduces sodium ions to form sodium metal during recharge; a positive electrode compartment consisting of: a NaI positive electrode disposed in a mixed molten positive electrolyte consisting of comprising one or more NaAlX.sub.4 salts, wherein X is the same or different element selected from Cl, Br, and I; additional NaI is present in a molar ratio of NaI to the mixed molten positive electrolyte of 1:1 to 3:1; and a current collector; and a sodium ion conductive solid electrolyte membrane that separates the negative electrode compartment from the positive electrode compartment; and wherein the overall battery chemistry of the sodium-halogen secondary cell is 2Na+I.sub.2 .Math.2Na.sup.++2I.sup.; and the additional NaI is present in a solid phase at operating temperature of the sodium-halogen secondary cell.

13. A sodium-halogen secondary cell, comprising: a negative electrode compartment comprising a negative electrode that comprises metallic sodium in molten or solid state, wherein the negative electrode electrochemically oxidizes to release sodium ions during discharge and electrochemically reduces sodium ions to form sodium metal during recharge; a positive electrode compartment consisting of: a NaX positive electrode disposed in a mixed molten positive electrolyte consisting of at least two different NaAlX.sub.4 salts and is represented by the general formula NaAlX.sub.4X.sub., wherein 0<<4, and X and X are different element selected from Cl, Br, and I; additional NaX or a mixture of NaX compounds present in a molar ratio of the additional NaX or mixture of NaX compounds to the mixed molten positive electrolyte ranging from greater than 1:1 to 3:1 of NaX:NaAlX.sub.4X.sub.; and a current collector; and a sodium ion conductive solid electrolyte membrane that separates the negative electrode compartment from the positive electrode compartment; and wherein: the overall battery chemistry of the sodium-halogen secondary cell is 2Na+X.sub.2.Math.2Na.sup.++2X.sup.; and the additional NaX or mixture of NaX compounds are present in a solid phase within the positive electrode at operating temperature of the sodium-halogen secondary cell.

14. The secondary cell of claim 13, wherein the mixed molten positive electrolyte comprises three different NaAlX.sub.4 salts and is represented by the general formula NaAlX.sub.4X.sub.X.sub., where X, X and X are three different elements selected from Cl, Br, and I, where 0<<4, 0<<4, and 0<+<4; and wherein the additional NaX or a mixture of NaX compounds present in a molar ratio of the additional NaX or mixture of NaX compounds to the mixed molten positive electrolyte ranging from 1:1 to 3:1 of NaX:NaAlX.sub.4X.sub.X.sub..

15. The secondary cell of claim 14, wherein the three NaAlX.sub.4 salts have the formula NaAlCl.sub.4, NaAlBr.sub.4, and NaAlI.sub.4, at various molar ratios.

16. The secondary cell of claim 13, wherein the secondary cell operates at a temperature between about 80 C. and 210 C.

17. The secondary cell of claim 13, wherein the electrolyte membrane comprises a NaSICON-type material.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) In order that the manner in which the above-recited and other features and advantages of the invention are obtained will be readily understood, a more particular description of the invention briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof that are illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are not therefore to be considered to be limiting of its scope, the invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:

(2) FIG. 1 depicts a schematic diagram of a representative embodiment of a molten sodium-halogen secondary cell, wherein the cell is in the process of being discharged.

(3) FIG. 2 depicts a schematic diagram of a representative embodiment of the molten sodium-halogen secondary cell, wherein the cell is in the process of being recharged.

(4) FIG. 3A depicts one potential reaction, designated Battery Chemistry 1, at the positive current collector.

(5) FIG. 3B depicts another potential reaction, designated Battery Chemistry 2, at the positive current collector.

(6) FIG. 4 is a graph comparing the conductivity of NaI in a molten salt electrolyte and in an organic solvent as a function of temperature.

(7) FIGS. 5A and 5B are graphs comparing the oxidation of iodide in a sodium-iodine secondary cell containing NaI in AlCl.sub.3 at basic and acidic ratios of NaI:AlCl.sub.3.

(8) FIG. 6 is a graph of the current vs. voltage for the operation of the symmetrical cells described in Example 3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(9) Reference throughout this specification to one embodiment, an embodiment, or similar language means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, appearances of the phrases in one embodiment, in an embodiment, in another embodiment, and similar language throughout this specification may, but do not necessarily, all refer to the same embodiment. Additionally, while the following description refers to several embodiments and examples of the various components and aspects of the described invention, all of the described embodiments and examples are to be considered, in all respects, as illustrative only and not as being limiting in any manner.

(10) Furthermore, the described features, structures, or characteristics of the invention may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. In the following description, numerous specific details are provided, such as examples of suitable sodium-based negative electrodes, liquid positive electrode solutions, current collectors, sodium ion conductive electrolyte membranes, etc., to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. One having ordinary skill in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the invention may be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, and so forth. In other embodiments, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the invention.

(11) As stated above, secondary cells can be discharged and recharged and this specification describes cell arrangements and methods for both states. Although the term recharging in its various forms implies a second charging, one of skill in the art will understand that discussions regarding recharging would be valid for, and applicable to, the first or initial charge, and vice versa. Thus, for the purposes of this specification, the terms recharge, recharged, and rechargeable shall be interchangeable with the terms charge, charged, and chargeable, respectively.

(12) The present embodiments provide a sodium-halogen secondary cell, which includes a molten or solid state sodium negative electrode and a sodium halide positive electrode disposed in a molten positive electrolyte that comprises one or more haloaluminate salts. In some disclosed embodiments, the secondary cell utilizes a molten eutectic mixture of sodium haloaluminate salts having a relatively low melting point. Although the described cell can comprise any suitable component, FIG. 1 shows a representative embodiment in which the sodium secondary cell 10 comprises a negative electrode compartment 15 that includes a sodium metal negative electrode 20 and a positive electrode compartment 25 that comprises a sodium halide positive electrode. The positive electrode includes a current collector 30 disposed in a positive electrolyte 35 comprising one or more molten haloaluminate salts (AlCl.sub.3, AlBr.sub.3, and AlI.sub.3). A sodium ion conductive electrolyte membrane 40 separates the negative electrode from the positive electrode and positive electrolyte 35. The sodium ion conductive electrolyte membrane 40 separates a first terminal 45 from a second terminal 50. To provide a better understanding of the described cell 10, a brief description of how the cell functions is provided below. Following this discussion, each of the cell's components shown in FIG. 1 is discussed in more detail.

(13) Turning now to the manner in which the sodium secondary cell 10 functions, the cell can function in virtually any suitable manner. In one example, FIG. 1 illustrates that as the cell 10 is discharged and electrons (e.sup.) flow from the negative electrode 20 (e.g., via the first terminal 45), sodium is oxidized from the negative electrode 20 to form sodium ions (Na.sup.+). FIG. 1 shows that these sodium ions are respectively transported from the sodium negative electrode 20, through the sodium ion conductive membrane 40, and to the positive electrolyte 35.

(14) In a contrasting example, FIG. 2 shows that as the secondary cell 10 is recharged and electrons (e.sup.) flow into the sodium negative electrode 20 from an external power source (not shown), such as a recharger, the chemical reactions that occurred when the cell 10 was discharged (as shown in FIG. 1) are reversed. Specifically, FIG. 2 shows that as the cell 10 is recharged, sodium ions (Na.sup.+) are respectively transported from the positive electrolyte 35, through the electrolyte membrane 40, and to the negative electrode 20, where the sodium ions are reduced to form sodium metal (Na).

(15) Referring now to the various components of the cell 10, the cell, as mentioned above, can comprise a negative electrode compartment 15 and a positive electrode compartment 25. In this regard, the two compartments can be any suitable shape and have any other suitable characteristic that allows the cell 10 to function as intended. By way of example, the negative electrode and the positive electrode compartments can be tubular, rectangular, or be any other suitable shape. Furthermore, the two compartments can have any suitable spatial relationship with respect to each other. For instance, while FIG. 2 shows that the negative electrode compartment 15 and the positive electrode compartment 25 can be adjacent to each other, in other embodiments (not shown), one compartment (e.g., the negative electrode compartment) is disposed, at least partially, in the other compartment (e.g., the positive electrode compartment), while the contents of the two compartments remain separated by the electrolyte membrane 40 and any other compartmental walls.

(16) With respect to the negative electrode 20, the cell 10 can comprise any suitable sodium negative electrode 20 that allows the cell 10 to function (e.g., be discharged and recharged) as intended. Some examples of suitable sodium negative electrode materials include, but are not limited to, a sodium sample that is substantially pure and a sodium alloy comprising any other suitable sodium-containing negative electrode material. In certain embodiments, however, the negative electrode comprises or consists of an amount of sodium that is substantially pure. In such embodiments, because the melting point of pure sodium is around 98 C., the sodium negative electrode will become molten above that temperature.

(17) With respect to the positive current collector 30, the positive electrode compartment 25 can comprise any suitable positive electrode that allows the cell to be charged and discharged as intended. For instance, the positive electrode can comprise virtually any current collector 30 in combination with a halogen, shown generically as X in FIGS. 1 and 2, in a positive electrolyte 35 comprising one or more sodium haloaluminate salts. The current collector 30 can be disposed in any suitable location in the positive electrode compartment 25 that allows the cell 10 to function as intended.

(18) With respect to the current collector 30, the cell 10 can comprise any suitable current collector that allows the cell to be charged and discharged as intended. For instance, the current collector can comprise virtually any current collector configuration that has been successfully used in a sodium-based rechargeable battery system. In some embodiments, the current collector comprises at least one of wires, felts, foils, plates, parallel plates, tubes, meshes, mesh screens, foams, and/or other suitable current collector configuration. It will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the foam may include, without limitation, metal foams and carbon foams. Indeed, in some embodiments, the current collector comprises a configuration having a relatively large surface area which may include one or more mesh screens and metal foams.

(19) The current collector 30 can comprise any suitable material that allows the cell 10 to function as intended. In this regard, some non-limiting examples of suitable current collector materials include tungsten, stainless steel, carbon, molybdenum, titanium, platinum, copper, nickel, zinc, a sodium intercalation material (e.g., Na.sub.xMnO.sub.2, etc.), nickel foam, nickel, a sulfur composite, a sulfur halide (e.g., sulfuric chloride), and/or another suitable material. Furthermore, these materials may coexist or exist in combinations. In some embodiments, however, the current collector comprises tungsten, carbon, molybdenum, titanium.

(20) In some non-limiting embodiments, the reactions that may occur at the negative electrode 20, the positive electrode/current collector 30, and the overall reaction as the cell 10 is discharged may occur in at least two steps. These two potential reactions are shown below and designated Battery Chemistry 1 (shown schematically in FIG. 3A for battery recharge) and Battery Chemistry 2 (shown schematically in FIG. 3B for battery recharge). It has been observed that these reactions may be individual steps of a multi-step reaction, or depending upon the battery conditions, one step may be favored over another step. Negative electrode NaNa.sup.++1e.sup. Positive electrode X.sub.3.sup.+2e.sup.3X.sup. (Battery Chemistry 1) Positive electrode 3X.sub.2+2e.sup.2X.sub.3.sup. (Battery Chemistry 2) Overall 2Na+X.sub.3.sup.2Na.sup.++3X.sup. (Battery Chemistry 1) Overall 2Na+3X.sub.22Na.sup.++2X.sub.3.sup. (Battery Chemistry 2)

(21) Where X comprises iodine, bromine, or chlorine.

(22) Where X comprises iodine, the cell 10 may have the following chemical reactions and the following theoretical voltage (V vs. SHE (standard hydrogen electrode)) and theoretical specific energy (Wh/kg): Negative electrode NaNa.sup.++1e.sup. (2.71V) Positive electrode I.sub.3.sup.+2e.sup.3I.sup. (0.29V, Chemistry 1) Positive electrode 3I.sub.2+2e.sup.2I.sub.3.sup. (0.74V, Chemistry 2) Overall 2Na+I.sub.3.sup.2Na.sup.++3I.sup. (2.8V, Chemistry 1) (388 Wh/kg) Overall 2Na+3I.sub.22Na.sup.++2I.sub.3.sup. (3.25V, Chemistry 2) (193 Wh/kg)

(23) Where X is iodine, the charging reactions at the positive electrode may occur in two steps: 1) iodide to triiodide and 2) triiodide to iodine. Similarly, discharging reactions at the positive electrode may occur in two steps: 1) iodine to triiodide and 2) triiodide to iodide. Alternatively, the charging and discharging reactions may occur using the combination of reaction chemistries above.

(24) Where X is bromine, the cell 10 may have the following chemical reactions and the following theoretical voltage (V vs. SHE) and theoretical specific energy (Wh/kg): Negative electrode NaNa.sup.++1e.sup. (2.71V) Positive electrode Br.sub.3.sup.+2e.sup.3Br.sup. (0.82V, Chemistry 1) Positive electrode 3Br.sub.2+2e.sup.2Br.sub.3.sup. (1.04V, Chemistry 2) Overall 2Na+Br.sub.3.sup.2Na.sup.++3Br.sup. (3.53V, Chemistry 1) (658 Wh/kg) Overall 2Na+3Br.sub.22Na.sup.++2Br.sub.3.sup. (3.75V, Chemistry 2) (329 Wh/kg)

(25) The charging reactions at the positive electrode may occur in two steps: 1) bromide to tribromide and 2) tribromide to bromine. Similarly, discharging reactions at the positive electrode may occur in two steps: 1) bromine to tribromide and 2) tribromide to bromide. Alternatively, the charging and discharging reactions may occur using the combination of reaction chemistries above.

(26) It will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that an alternative positive electrode chemistry may include: Positive electrode X.sub.2+2e.sup.2X.sup. (Battery Chemistry 3)

(27) With an overall battery chemistry of: Overall 2Na+X.sub.22Na.sup.++2X.sup. (Battery Chemistry 3)

(28) With regards now to the sodium ion conductive electrolyte membrane 40, the membrane can comprise any suitable material that selectively transports sodium ions and permits the cell 10 to function with a positive electrolyte 35. In some embodiments, the electrolyte membrane comprises a NaSICON-type (sodium Super Ion CONductive) material. Where the electrolyte membrane comprises a NaSICON-type material, the NaSICON-type material may comprise any known or novel NaSICON-type material that is suitable for use with the described cell 10. Some suitable examples of NaSICON-type compositions include, but are not limited to, Na.sub.3Zr.sub.2Si.sub.2PO.sub.12, Na.sub.1+xSi.sub.xZr.sub.2P.sub.3xO.sub.12 (where x is between about 1.6 and about 2.4), Y-doped NaSICON (Na.sub.1+x+yZr.sub.2yY.sub.ySi.sub.xP.sub.3xO.sub.12, Na.sub.1+xZr.sub.2yY.sub.ySi.sub.xP.sub.3xO.sub.12y (where x=2, y=0.12)), Na.sub.1xZr.sub.2Si.sub.xP.sub.3xO.sub.12 (where x is between about 0 and about 3, and in some cases between about 2 and about 2.5), and Fe-doped NaSICON (Na.sub.3Zr.sub.2/.sub.3Fe.sub.4/.sub.3P.sub.3O.sub.12). Indeed, in certain embodiments, the NaSICON-type membrane comprises Na.sub.3Si.sub.2Zr.sub.2PO.sub.12. In other embodiments, the NaSICON-type membrane comprises one or more NaSELECT materials, produced by Ceramatec, Inc. in Salt Lake City, Utah.

(29) The positive electrode comprises NaX, where X is a halogen selected from Cl, Br and I. The positive electrode is preferably NaI.

(30) The positive electrode is disposed in a molten salt positive electrolyte comprising AlX.sub.3. NaX and AlX.sub.3 may combine to form NaAlX.sub.4 as follows: NaX+AlX.sub.3AlX.sub.4

(31) In some embodiments, the positive electrode is combined with a mixture of at least two AlX.sub.3 salts. The combination of positive electrode and positive electrolyte can be represented by the general formula NaAlX.sub.4X.sub., where 0<<4, wherein X and X are different halogens selected from Cl, Br and I.

(32) The mixed molten salt positive electrolyte comprises at least two salts of the general formula NaAlX.sub.4 and NaAlX.sub.4 at various molar ratios, wherein X and X are different halogens selected from Cl, Br and I. In one non-limiting embodiment, the molar ratio of NaAlX.sub.4 to NaAlX.sub.4 is in the range of 9:1 to 1:9 with corresponding values of 0.4 to 3.6.

(33) The positive electrode comprises additional NaX or a mixture of NaX compounds added in a molar ratio to the mixed molten salt positive electrolyte ranging from 1:1 to 3:1 of NaX:NaAlX.sub.4X.sub.. The excess NaX renders the positive electrolyte highly basic. At cell operating temperatures, the positive electrode and mixed molten salt positive electrolyte is a molten liquid or a two phase mixture wherein the mixed molten salt positive electrolyte is predominantly a liquid phase and the additional NaX or mixture of NaX compounds is a solid phase.

(34) The following Table 1 illustrates some non-limiting combinations of NaX and AlX.sub.3 to form NaAlX.sub.4.

(35) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 AlX.sub.3 NaX AlCl.sub.3 AlBr.sub.3 AlI.sub.3 NaCl NaAlCl.sub.4 NaAlBr.sub.3Cl NaAlI.sub.3Cl NaBr NaAlCl.sub.3Br NaAlBr.sub.4 NaAlI.sub.3Br NaI NaAlCl.sub.3I NaAlBr.sub.3I NaAlI.sub.4

(36) In other embodiments, the positive electrode is disposed in a mixed molten salt positive electrolyte comprising at least three salts that can be represented by the formula NaAlX.sub.4X.sub.X.sub., where X, X and X are three different halogens selected from Cl, Br, and I, where 0<<4, 0<<4, and 0<+<4. The mixed molten salt positive electrolyte comprises NaAlCl.sub.4, NaAlBr.sub.4, and NaAlI.sub.4, at various molar ratios.

(37) In some embodiments, the positive electrolyte 35 also comprises one or more halogens and/or halides. In this regard, the halogens and halides, as well polyhalides and/or metal halides that form therefrom (e.g., where the current collector 30 comprises a metal, such as copper, nickel, zinc, etc. (as discussed below)) can perform any suitable function, including, without limitation, acting as the positive electrode as the cell 10 operates. Some examples of suitable halogens include bromine, iodine, and chlorine. Similarly, some examples of suitable halides include bromide ions, polybromide ions, iodide ions, polyiodide ions, chloride ions, and polychloride ions. While the halogens/halides can be introduced into the positive electrode solution in any suitable manner, in some embodiments, they are added as NaX, wherein X is selected from Br, I, Cl, etc.

(38) With reference now to the terminals 45 and 50, the cell 10 can comprise any suitable terminals that are capable of electrically connecting the cell with an external circuit (not shown), including without limitation, to one or more cells. In this regard, the terminals can comprise any suitable material, be of any suitable shape, and be of any suitable size.

(39) In addition to the aforementioned components, the cell 10 can optionally comprise any other suitable component. By way of non-limiting illustration FIGS. 1 and 2 show an embodiment in which the cell 10 comprises a heat management system 55, 60. Independent heat management systems may be associated with the negative electrode and positive electrode compartments. Alternatively, a single heat management system may be disposed in only one compartment or to the exterior of the cell 10 generally. In such embodiments, the cell can comprise any suitable type of heat management system that is capable of maintaining the cell within a suitable operating temperature range. Some examples of such heat management systems include, but are not limited to, a heater, a cooler, one or more temperature sensors, and appropriate temperature control circuitry.

(40) The described cell 10 may function at any suitable operating temperature. In other words, as the cell is discharged and/or recharged, the sodium negative electrode and the positive electrolyte may have any suitable temperature. The negative and positive electrode compartments may operate at the same or different temperatures. Indeed, in some embodiments, the cell functions at an intermediate operating temperature in the range from about 80 C. to about 210 C. In other embodiments, the cell may function at an intermediate operating temperature in the range from about 110 C. to about 180 C. In yet another embodiment, the operating temperature of the cell in the range of about 150 C. to about 170 C.

(41) The following examples are given to illustrate various embodiments within, and aspects of, the scope of the present invention. These are given by way of example only, and it is understood that the following examples are not comprehensive or exhaustive of the many types of embodiments of the present invention that can be prepared in accordance with the present invention.

Example 1

(42) The conductivity of NaI in a molten salt positive electrolyte AlCl.sub.3 was compared to the conductivity of NaI in an organic solvent solution that included N-methyl formamide. The molten salt positive electrolyte had a general formula of NaAl.sub.xI.sub.yCl.sub.z. The conductivity of NaI in a molten salt positive electrolyte was approximately three times the conductivity of the organic solvent-based electrolyte at 120 C., as shown in FIG. 4. Cells utilizing a molten salt positive electrolyte will be more energy dense due to higher molarity of NaI. Furthermore, cells utilizing a molten salt positive electrolyte are safer than organic solvent based positive electrolyte solutions because if molten sodium happens to contact the molten salt positive electrolyte, the chemical reaction would only produce non-flammable salts.

Example 2

(43) A sodium-iodine secondary cell was prepared as described herein containing sodium iodide in molten AlCl.sub.3 in a 60:40 NaI:AlCl.sub.3 ratio (a basic electrolyte). Tungsten wire was used as the positive current collector. NaSICON was used to separate a molten sodium negative electrode from the positive electrode/positive electrolyte. The oxidation of iodide was measured and found to produce two oxidation peaks, consistent with Battery Chemistry 1 and Battery Chemistry 2, described herein. Experimental results are shown in FIG. 5A. The oxidation peaks were found to be reversible. Additional tests were performed using an acidic electrolyte comprising sodium iodide in molten AlCl.sub.3 in a 40:60 NaI:AlCl.sub.3 ratio. Experimental results are shown in FIG. 5B. The results suggest that the second oxidation peak in the basic electrolyte occurs at a similar potential as the first iodide oxidation peak in the acidic electrolyte. The reduction peak in acidic electrolyte occurs at a higher potential. This suggests that whether the electrolyte is acidic or basic affects the potential of I.sub.2 generation.

Example 3

(44) Three symmetrical sodium-iodine secondary cells were prepared to test the reversibility of the oxidation/reduction reactions that occur in the positive electrode/positive electrolyte. The symmetrical cells were prepared as set forth in Table 2, below:

(45) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Electrode Electrolyte Cell Outside of tube Inside of tube Outside of Tube Inside of Tube Symmetrical Cell 1 Graphite felt Graphite felt 1M I.sub.2 in 51:49 mol % 1M I.sub.2 in 51:49 mol % with tungsten with tungsten NaI:AlCl.sub.3 NaI:AlCl.sub.3 wire wire Symmetrical Cell 2 0.93 g Tungsten wire 60:40 mol % NaI:AlCl.sub.3 0.02475 g I.sub.2 in NaI/0.93 g with graphite 51:49 mol % NaI:AlCl.sub.3 C/PTFE felt around tungsten mesh Symmetrical Cell 3 Graphite felt 0.25 Carbon 60:40 mol % NaI:AlCl.sub.3 50:50 mol % NaI:AlCl.sub.3 with tungsten Rod wire

(46) The symmetrical cells were operated as set forth in Table 3, below:

(47) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Operating Range Upper Lower Current Temper- EIS Voltage Voltage Density ature Ohmic System Limit Limit (mA/ Cell ( C.) () () (V) (V) cm.sup.2) Symmetrical 125 2.17 5.19 0.5 0.5 91 Cell 1 Symmetrical 125 3.60 16.40 0.5 0.5 72 Cell 2 Symmetrical 125 5.00 6.70 0.15 0.15 20 Cell 3

(48) A graph of the current vs. voltage for the operation of the symmetrical cells is shown in FIG. 6. Because there is little or no hysteresis shown in FIG. 6, it may be concluded that the oxidation/reduction reactions that occur in the positive electrode/positive electrolyte are highly reversible.

(49) Embodiments of the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments and examples are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not as restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.