According to one embodiment, provided is a lithium zinc secondary battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, an aqueous electrolyte, and a separator between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The negative electrode includes a zinc-including metal body and an oxide on at least a part of a surface of the metal body. The aqueous electrolyte includes zinc and a lithium salt. Zinc is dissolved and deposited at the negative electrode. Lithium is inserted and extracted from the oxide in a range of −1.4 V (vs. SCE) or more and −1.0 V (vs. SCE) or less. A specific surface area of the oxide is 10 m.sup.2/g or more and 350 m.sup.2/g or less. A mol concentration ratio Zn/Li between zinc and lithium in the aqueous electrolyte is 1.0×10.sup.−5 or more and 0.3 or less.

A primary battery includes a cathode having a non-stoichiometric metal oxide including transition metals Ni, Mn, Co, or a combination of metal atoms, an alkali metal, and hydrogen; an anode; a separator between the cathode and the anode; and an alkaline electrolyte.

A primary battery includes a cathode having a non-stoichiometric metal oxide including transition metals Ni, Mn, Co, or a combination of metal atoms, an alkali metal, and hydrogen; an anode; a separator between the cathode and the anode; and an alkaline electrolyte.

Provided is an alkaline secondary battery including: a stacked-cell battery in which multiple single cell elements having a configuration of an alkaline secondary battery are stacked; and a box-shaped case made of resin in which the stacked-cell battery is housed vertically. The box-shaped case has a bottom, a pair of long-side walls parallel to the stacked-cell battery, a pair of short-side walls perpendicular to the stacked-cell battery, and a lid part. The lid part has a vulnerable portion having a smaller thickness than other portions of the lid part, the thickness of the vulnerable portion is 0.1 to 1.0 mm, and a proportion of an area of the vulnerable portion with respect to a total area of the lid part in a plan view is 10 to 40%.

An alkaline dry cell includes a positive electrode; a negative electrode; a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; and an electrolytic solution contained in the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator, wherein the electrolytic solution contains an alkaline aqueous solution. The negative electrode contains an additive and a negative electrode active material containing zinc; and the additive contains at least one selected from the group consisting of benzoic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, and salts of the foregoing. The amount of the negative electrode active material contained in the negative electrode is from 176 to 221 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of water contained in the electrolytic solution. The amount of the additive contained in the negative electrode is from 0.1 to 1.0 part by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the negative electrode active material.

Provided are electrochemical cells and methods of manufacturing these cells. An electrochemical cell comprises a positive electrode and an electrolyte layer, printed over the positive electrode. In some examples, each of the positive electrode, electrolyte layer, and negative electrode comprises an ionic liquid enabling ionic transfer. The negative electrode comprises a negative active material layer (e.g., comprising zinc), printed over and directly interfacing the electrolyte layer. The negative electrode also comprises a negative current collector (e.g., copper foil) and a conductive pressure sensitive adhesive layer. The conductive pressure sensitive adhesive layer is disposed between and adhered to, directly interfaces, and provides electronic conductivity between the negative active material layer and the negative current collector. In some examples, the conductive pressure sensitive adhesive layer comprises carbon and/or metal particles (e.g., nickel, copper, indium, and/or silver). Furthermore, the conductive pressure sensitive adhesive layer may comprise an acrylic polymer, encapsulating these particles.

Provided are a negative active material and a lithium battery including the negative active material. The negative active material includes a non-carbonaceous core allowing doping or undoping of lithium ion; and a double coating layer formed on at least one portion of a surface of the non-carbonaceous core and including a first coating layer including a metal and a second coating layer including a metal oxide or a metal nitride.

Provided are a negative active material and a lithium battery including the negative active material. The negative active material includes a non-carbonaceous core allowing doping or undoping of lithium ion; and a double coating layer formed on at least one portion of a surface of the non-carbonaceous core and including a first coating layer including a metal and a second coating layer including a metal oxide or a metal nitride.

Provided is a method of producing a multivalent metal-ion battery comprising an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte in ionic contact with the anode and the cathode to support reversible deposition and dissolution of a multivalent metal, selected from Ni, Zn, Be, Mg, Ca, Ba, La, Ti, Ta, Zr, Nb, Mn, V, Co, Fe, Cd, Cr, Ga, In, or a combination thereof, at the anode, wherein the anode contains the multivalent metal or its alloy as an anode active material and the cathode comprises a cathode active layer of graphitic carbon particles or fibers that are coated with a protective material. Such a metal-ion battery delivers a high energy density, high power density, and long cycle life.

Provided is a method of producing a multivalent metal-ion battery comprising an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte in ionic contact with the anode and the cathode to support reversible deposition and dissolution of a multivalent metal, selected from Ni, Zn, Be, Mg, Ca, Ba, La, Ti, Ta, Zr, Nb, Mn, V, Co, Fe, Cd, Cr, Ga, In, or a combination thereof, at the anode, wherein the anode contains the multivalent metal or its alloy as an anode active material and the cathode comprises a cathode active layer of graphitic carbon particles or fibers that are coated with a protective material. Such a metal-ion battery delivers a high energy density, high power density, and long cycle life.