An alkaline battery comprises an anode, a cathode, a separator disposed between the anode and the cathode, and an electrolyte in fluid communication with the anode, the cathode, and the separator. The separator comprises at least one ion selective layer that can include at least one of graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, functionalized graphene, or combinations thereof. This can allow the ion selective layer to be configured to selectively block zincate ions.

A lithium secondary battery includes a cathode formed from a cathode active material including a lithium metal oxide particle containing nickel (Ni) and manganese (Mn), an anode formed from an anode active material containing a graphite-based material having a crystal interplanar distance (d002) of 3.356 to 3.365 , and a separator interposed between the cathode and the anode. The lithium metal oxide particle includes a concentration gradient region formed between a center of the particle and a surface of the particle, and a ratio of a concentration (atomic %) of Ni with respect to a concentration (atomic %) of Mn at the surface of the lithium metal oxide particle is 0.29 or more and less than 6.

An electrochemical cell comprises a can comprising a cylindrical side wall extending from a closed end wall. The closed end wall comprises a protrusion. The protrusion has a protrusion cavity therein. A pre-formed pellet of a first electrode material is disposed in the protrusion cavity. The electrochemical cell may further comprise a separator defining an inner cavity and separating the inner cavity from an outer cavity. The outer cavity is defined by the can and the separator. The electrochemical cell may further comprise a first electrode material disposed in the outer cavity; and a second electrode material disposed in the inner cavity.

The invention relates to a reversible manganese dioxide electrode, comprising an electrically conductive carrier material having a nickel surface, a nickel layer made of spherical nickel particles adhering to each other and having an inner pore structure applied to the carrier material, and a manganese dioxide layer applied to the nickel particles, wherein the manganese dioxide layer is also present in the inner pore structure of the nickel particle.

The invention also relates to a method for producing such a manganese dioxide electrode, the use thereof in rechargeable alkaline-manganese batteries, and a rechargeable alkaline-manganese battery containing a manganese dioxide electrode according to the invention.

The invention relates to a reversible manganese dioxide electrode, comprising an electrically conductive carrier material having a nickel surface, a nickel layer made of spherical nickel particles adhering to each other and having an inner pore structure applied to the carrier material, and a manganese dioxide layer applied to the nickel particles, wherein the manganese dioxide layer is also present in the inner pore structure of the nickel particle.

The invention also relates to a method for producing such a manganese dioxide electrode, the use thereof in rechargeable alkaline-manganese batteries, and a rechargeable alkaline-manganese battery containing a manganese dioxide electrode according to the invention.

A negative active material for a rechargeable lithium battery includes a lithium titanate compound represented by Chemical Formula 1, where R, a Raman spectrum intensity ratio (I(F2u)/I(F2g)) of an F2u peak in a range of about 200 cm.sup.1 to about 300 cm.sup.1 relative to an F2g peak in a range of about 400 cm.sup.1 to about 550 cm.sup.1 is greater than or equal to about 0.7.
Li.sub.4+xTi.sub.5yM.sub.zO.sub.12nChemical Formula 1 In Chemical Formula 1, 0.2x0.2, 0.3y0.3, 0z0.3, 0.3n0.3, and M is selected from Mg, Al, Ca, Sr, Cr, V, Fe, Co, Ni, Zr, Zn, Si, Y, Nb, Ga, Sn, Mo, W, Ba, La, Ce, Ag, Ta, Hf, Ru, Bi, Sb, As, and a combination thereof.

The present disclosure relates to an electrolytic manganese dioxide composition comprising two manganese dioxide phases, at least one of the two manganese dioxide phases having at least a portion that exhibits amorphicity. The two manganese dioxide phases may be present in a ratio of between 9:1 and 1:3. The two manganese dioxide crystal phases may be akhtenskite and ramsdellite. The present disclosure further relates to a battery comprising said electrolytic manganese dioxide composition, and methods of manufacturing said electrolytic manganese dioxide composition. The present disclosure further relates to manufacturing an electrode within a cell, the cell for use as a battery, the electrode comprising electrolytic manganese dioxide composition consisting essentially of two manganese dioxide crystal phases.

The present disclosure relates to an electrolytic manganese dioxide composition comprising two manganese dioxide phases, at least one of the two manganese dioxide phases having at least a portion that exhibits amorphicity. The two manganese dioxide phases may be present in a ratio of between 9:1 and 1:3. The two manganese dioxide crystal phases may be akhtenskite and ramsdellite. The present disclosure further relates to a battery comprising said electrolytic manganese dioxide composition, and methods of manufacturing said electrolytic manganese dioxide composition. The present disclosure further relates to manufacturing an electrode within a cell, the cell for use as a battery, the electrode comprising electrolytic manganese dioxide composition consisting essentially of two manganese dioxide crystal phases.

Substituted ramsdellite manganese dioxide (RMnO.sub.2) compounds are provided, where a portion of the Mn is replaced by at least one alternative cation, or a portion of the O is replaced by at least one alternative anion. Electrochemical cells incorporating substituted RMnO.sub.2 into the cathode, as well as methods of preparing the substituted RMnO.sub.2, are also provided.

Substituted ramsdellite manganese dioxide (RMnO.sub.2) compounds are provided, where a portion of the Mn is replaced by at least one alternative cation, or a portion of the O is replaced by at least one alternative anion. Electrochemical cells incorporating substituted RMnO.sub.2 into the cathode, as well as methods of preparing the substituted RMnO.sub.2, are also provided.